3.3: The Addition and Complement Rules
- Page ID
- 51643
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)The Addition Rule
Two events are considered mutually exclusive if they cannot both occur. If events A and B are mutually exclusive, the probability that event A or event B will occur is the sum of the individual probabilities. Formulaically speaking, If events A and B are mutually exclusive, P(A or B)=P(AB)=P(A)+P(B).
If events are not mutually exclusive, they can both occur. Here we add the probability of each event, and subtract the overlap (A and B) because it was counted twice. Formulaically speaking, If events A and B are not mutually exclusive, P(A or B)=P(AB)=P(A)+P(B)-P(AB).
These make up the addition rule.
- Let’s return to the census data on sex and marital status.
Marital Status
Married
Widowed
Divorced
Separated
Never Married
Total
Male
64.5
3.4
12.2
2.1
47.5
129.7
Female
63.4
11.8
16.5
2.9
41.5
136.1
Total
127.9
15.2
28.7
5
89
265.8
- Are the events “divorced” and “separated” mutually exclusive? Explain.
- What is the probability that a randomly selected adult in the US is divorced or separated? Round your answer to three decimal places. Show your thinking using the table.
Marital Status
Married
Widowed
Divorced
Separated
Never Married
Total
Male
64.5
3.4
12.2
2.1
47.5
129.7
Female
63.4
11.8
16.5
2.9
41.5
136.1
Total
127.9
15.2
28.7
5
89
265.8
\[P(\text { divorced } \cup \text { separated })=\underline{\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ }+\underline{\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ } \approx\nonumber\]
- Are the events “separated” and “female” mutually exclusive? Explain.
- What is the probability that a randomly selected adult in the US is separated or female? Use probability notation in your answer and round your answer to three decimal places. Show your thinking using the table.
Marital Status
Married
Widowed
Divorced
Separated
Never Married
Total
Male
64.5
3.4
12.2
2.1
47.5
129.7
Female
63.4
11.8
16.5
2.9
41.5
136.1
Total
127.9
15.2
28.7
5
89
265.8
- Here's a new game with two spinners. For this game, we say the spinners "match" if they land on the same color (e.g., both red, or both blue).
- What is the probability that both spinners land on red?
- What is the probability that both spinners land on blue?
- What is the probability that the spinners match (both red or both blue)? Use probability notation in your answer.
The Complement Rule
The complement of an event A is “not A” and is denoted Ac. Because one of these events must occur, their probabilities must add to one. Therefore, we can compute the probability of event A using the rule of complements.
\[P(A)=1-P(\text { complement of } A)=1-P\left(A^c\right) \text { and } P(\text { complement of } A)=P\left(A^c\right)=1-P(A)\nonumber\]
This rule is useful when the computation of the probability of event A is complicated, but the probability of the complement of A is simpler.
- Let’s return to the census data on sex and marital status.
Marital Status
Married
Widowed
Divorced
Separated
Never Married
Total
Male
64.5
3.4
12.2
2.1
47.5
129.7
Female
63.4
11.8
16.5
2.9
41.5
136.1
Total
127.9
15.2
28.7
5
89
265.8
- Define event A to be “widowed, divorced, separated, or never married”. What is the complement of A in words?
- Compute P(Ac).
- Here's a new game with two spinners. For this game, we say the spinners "do not match" if they don’t land on the same color.
Use your answer to 2c. to find the probability that the spinners don’t match. Use probability notation in your answer.
- Marjorie forgets to prepare for a multiple choice quiz so she randomly guesses on all 3 questions. Each question has 5 answer options.
- What is the probability that Marjorie gets a question correct on the quiz?
- What is the probability that Marjorie gets a question incorrect on the quiz?
- What is the probability that Marjorie gets all 3 questions correct?
- What is the probability that Marjorie gets at least 1 question incorrect?