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- https://stats.libretexts.org/Courses/Cerritos_College/Introduction_to_Statistics_with_R/08%3A_Estimating_Unknown_Quantities_from_a_Sample/8.04%3A_Estimating_Population_Parametersknitr::kable(data.frame(stringsAsFactors=FALSE, Symbol = c("$s$", "$\\sigma$", "$\\hat{\\sigma}$", "$s^2$", "$\\sigma^2$", "$\\hat{\\sigma}^2$"), What.is.it = c("Sample standard deviation", "Populatio...knitr::kable(data.frame(stringsAsFactors=FALSE, Symbol = c("$s$", "$\\sigma$", "$\\hat{\\sigma}$", "$s^2$", "$\\sigma^2$", "$\\hat{\\sigma}^2$"), What.is.it = c("Sample standard deviation", "Population standard deviation", "Estimate of the population standard deviation", "Sample variance", "Population variance", "Estimate of the population variance"), Do.we.know.what.it.is = c("Yes - calculated from the raw data", "Almost never known for sure", "Yes - but not the same as the sample standard dev…
- https://stats.libretexts.org/Courses/Cerritos_College/Introduction_to_Statistics_with_R/16%3A_Research_Design/16.03%3A_Data_CollectionMost statistical analyses require that your data be in numerical rather than verbal form (you can’t punch letters into your calculator). Therefore, data collected in verbal form must be coded so that ...Most statistical analyses require that your data be in numerical rather than verbal form (you can’t punch letters into your calculator). Therefore, data collected in verbal form must be coded so that it is represented by numbers.
- https://stats.libretexts.org/Courses/Cerritos_College/Introduction_to_Statistics_with_R/02%3A_Introduction_to_R/2.13%3A_Using_CommentsBefore discussing any of the more complicated stuff, I want to introduce the comment character, #. It has a simple meaning: it tells R to ignore everything else you’ve written on this line. seeker <- ...Before discussing any of the more complicated stuff, I want to introduce the comment character, #. It has a simple meaning: it tells R to ignore everything else you’ve written on this line. seeker <- 3.1415 # create the first variable lover <- 2.7183 # create the second variable keeper <- seeker * lover # now multiply them to create a third one print( keeper ) # print out the value of 'keeper'
- https://stats.libretexts.org/Courses/Cerritos_College/Introduction_to_Statistics_with_R/14%3A_Multiple_and_Logistic_Regression/14.01%3A_Introduction_to_Multiple_RegressionMultiple regression extends simple two-variable regression to the case that still has one response but many predictors. The method is motivated by scenarios where many variables may be simultaneously ...Multiple regression extends simple two-variable regression to the case that still has one response but many predictors. The method is motivated by scenarios where many variables may be simultaneously connected to an output.
- https://stats.libretexts.org/Courses/Cerritos_College/Introduction_to_Statistics_with_R/15%3A_Regression_in_R/15.12%3A_Model_SelectionIf we ignore the low level details, it’s fairly obvious what the AIC does: on the left we have a term that increases as the model predictions get worse; on the right we have a term that increases as t...If we ignore the low level details, it’s fairly obvious what the AIC does: on the left we have a term that increases as the model predictions get worse; on the right we have a term that increases as the model complexity increases. where N is the number of observations, p is the number of predictors in the full model (not including the intercept), and k is the difference in the number of parameters between the two models.
- https://stats.libretexts.org/Courses/Cerritos_College/Introduction_to_Statistics_with_R/02%3A_Introduction_to_R/2.01%3A_Why_Programming_Is_Hard_to_LearnA large amount of psychological research has shown that practice needs to be deliberate, meaning that it focuses on developing the specific skills that one needs to perform the skill, at a level that ...A large amount of psychological research has shown that practice needs to be deliberate, meaning that it focuses on developing the specific skills that one needs to perform the skill, at a level that is always pushing one’s ability. Whenever I experience an error that I don’t understand, the first thing that I do is to copy and paste the error message into a search engine Often this will provide several pages discussing the problem and the ways that people have solved it.
- https://stats.libretexts.org/Courses/Cerritos_College/Introduction_to_Statistics_with_R/01%3A_Basics/1.01%3A_Introduction/1.1.02%3A_Dealing_with_Statistics_AnxietyAnxiety feels uncomfortable, but psychology tells us that this kind of emotional arousal can actually help us perform better on many tasks, by focusing our attention So if you start to feel anxious ab...Anxiety feels uncomfortable, but psychology tells us that this kind of emotional arousal can actually help us perform better on many tasks, by focusing our attention So if you start to feel anxious about the material in this course, remind yourself that many others in the class are feeling similarly, and that the arousal could actually help you perform better (even if it doesn’t seem like it!).
- https://stats.libretexts.org/Courses/Cerritos_College/Introduction_to_Statistics_with_R/13%3A_Introduction_to_Linear_Regression/13.06%3A_ExercisesExercises for Chapter 7 of the "OpenIntro Statistics" textmap by Diez, Barr and Çetinkaya-Rundel.
- https://stats.libretexts.org/Courses/Cerritos_College/Introduction_to_Statistics_with_R/20%3A_Case_Studies_and_Data/20.02%3A_FlatulenceThe purpose of this study was to find out whether or not people are embarrassed by their flatulence. Would you believe that women produce more of the bad smelling stuff than men do, and that women are...The purpose of this study was to find out whether or not people are embarrassed by their flatulence. Would you believe that women produce more of the bad smelling stuff than men do, and that women are more likely to complain to their doctors about the smell of their flatulence? The data in this research is self report data, and because the topic is sensitive some people may have been less than honest about their reported flatulence.
- https://stats.libretexts.org/Courses/Cerritos_College/Introduction_to_Statistics_with_R/02%3A_Introduction_to_R/2.09%3A_Math_with_VectorsYou can apply mathematical operations to the elements of a vector just as you would with a single number: We can also apply logical operations across vectors; again, this will return a vector with the...You can apply mathematical operations to the elements of a vector just as you would with a single number: We can also apply logical operations across vectors; again, this will return a vector with the operation applied to the pairs of values at each position. Most functions will work with vectors just as they would with a single number. We could create a vector and pass it to the sin() function, which will return as many sine values as there are input values:
- https://stats.libretexts.org/Courses/Lake_Tahoe_Community_College/Support_Course_for_Elementary_Statistics%3A__ISP/00%3A_Front_Matter/02%3A_InfoPageThe LibreTexts libraries are Powered by MindTouch ® and are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the Californ...The LibreTexts libraries are Powered by MindTouch ® and are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot.
