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12.3: Randomization Tests - Two or More Conditions

  • Page ID
    13847
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    Learning Objectives

    • Compute a randomization test for differences among more than two conditions

    The method of randomization for testing differences among more than two means is essentially very similar to the method when there are exactly two means. Table \(\PageIndex{1}\) shows the data from a fictitious experiment with three groups.

    Table \(\PageIndex{1}\): Fictitious data
    T1 T2 Control
    7 14 0
    8 19 2
    11 21 5
    12 122 9

    The first step in a randomization test is to decide on a test statistic. Then we compute the proportion of the possible arrangements of the data for which that test statistic is as large as or larger than the arrangement of the actual data. When comparing several means, it is convenient to use the \(F\) ratio. The \(F\) ratio is computed not to test for significance directly, but as a measure of how different the groups are. For these data, the \(F\) ratio for a one-way ANOVA is \(2.06\).

    The next step is to determine how many arrangements of the data result in as large or larger \(F\) ratios. There are \(6\) arrangements that lead to the same \(F\) of \(2.06\): the six arrangements of the three columns. One such arrangement is shown in Table \(\PageIndex{2}\). The six are:

    1. \(T1\), \(T2\), Control
    2. \(T1\), Control, \(T2\)
    3. \(T2\), \(T1\), Control
    4. \(T2\), Control, \(T1\)
    5. Control, \(T1\), \(T2\)
    6. Control, \(T2\), \(T1\)

    For each of the \(6\) arrangements there are two changes that lead to a higher \(F\) ratio: swapping the \(7\) for the \(9\) (which gives an \(F\) of \(2.08\)) and swapping the \(8\) for the \(9\) (which gives an \(F\) of \(2.07\)). The former of these two is shown in Table \(\PageIndex{3}\).

    Table \(\PageIndex{2}\): Fictitious data with data for \(T2\) and Control swapped
    T1 Control T2
    7 14 0
    8 19 2
    11 21 5
    12 122 9

    Table \(\PageIndex{3}\): Data from Table \(\PageIndex{1}\) with the \(7\) and the \(9\) swapped

    T1 T2 Control
    9 14 0
    8 19 2
    11 21 5
    12 122 7

    Thus, there are six arrangements, each with two swaps that lead to a larger \(F\) ratio. Therefore, the number of arrangements with an \(F\) as large or larger than the actual arrangement is \(6\) (for the arrangements with the same \(F\)) + \(12\) (for the arrangements with a larger \(F\)), which makes \(18\) in all.

    The next step is to determine the total number of possible arrangements. This can be computed from the following formula:

    \[\text{Arrangements} = (n!)^k = (4!)^3 = 13,824\]

    where \(n\) is the number of observations in each group (assumed to be the same for all groups), and \(k\) is the number of groups. Therefore, the proportion of arrangements with an \(F\) as large or larger than the \(F\) of \(2.06\) obtained with the data is

    \[\dfrac{18}{13,824} = 0.0013.\]

    Thus, if there were no treatment effect, it is very unlikely that an \(F\) as large or larger than the one obtained would be found.


    This page titled 12.3: Randomization Tests - Two or More Conditions is shared under a Public Domain license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by David Lane via source content that was edited to the style and standards of the LibreTexts platform.