20.1: Angry Moods
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Learning Objectives
- Ways to improve an angry mood: A look at gender and sports participation
Research conducted by
Emily Zitek and Mindy Ater, Rice University
Case study prepared by
Emily Zitek
Overview
People have different ways of improving their mood when angry. We have all seen people punch a wall when mad, and indeed, previous research has indicated that some people aggress to improve their mood (Bushman, Baumeister & Phillips, \(2001\)). What do the top athletes do when angry? Striegel (\(1994\)) found that anger often hurts an athlete’s performance and that capability to control anger is what makes good athletes even better. This study adds to the past research and examines the difference in ways to improve an angry mood by gender and sports participation.
The participants were \(78\) Rice University undergraduates, ages \(17\) to \(23\). Of these \(78\) participants, \(48\) were females and \(30\) were males and \(25\) were athletes and \(53\) were non-athletes. People who did not play a varsity or club sport were considered non-athletes. The \(13\) contact sport athletes played soccer, football, rugby, or basketball, and the \(12\) non-contact sport athletes participated in Ultimate Frisbee, baseball, tennis, swimming, volleyball, crew, or dance.
The participants were asked to respond to a questionnaire that asked about what they do to improve their mood when angry or furious. Then they filled out a demographics questionnaire.
Note
This study used the most recent version of the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI-2) (Spielberger, Sydeman, Owen & Marsh, 1999) which was modified to create an Angry Mood Improvement Inventory similar to that created by Bushman et al. (2001).
Questions to Answer
Do athletes and non-athletes deal with anger in the same way? Are there any gender differences? Specifically, are men more likely to believe that aggressive behavior can improve an angry mood?
Design Issues
This study has an extremely unbalanced design. There were a lot more non-athletes than athletes in the sample. In the future, more athletes should be used. This study originally wanted to look at contact and non-contact athletes separately, but there were not enough participants to do this. Future studies could look at this.
Descriptions of Variables
| Variable | Description |
| Sports | 1 = athletes, 2 = non-athletes |
| Gender | 1 = males, 2 = females |
| Anger-Out (AO) | high scores demonstrate that people deal with anger by expressing it in a verbally or physically aggressive fashion |
|
Anger-In
(AI) |
high scores demonstrate that people experience anger but do not express it (suppress their anger) |
| Control-Out (CO) | high scores demonstrate that people control the outward expression of angry feelings |
| Control-In (CI) | high scores demonstrate that people control angry feelings by calming down or cooling off |
| Expression (AE) |
index of general anger expression:
(Anger-Out) + (Anger-In) - (Control-Out) - (Control-In) + 48 |
Data files
angry_moods.xls
References
- Bushman, B.J., Baumeister, R.F. & Phillips, C.M. (2001). Do people aggress to improve their mood? Catharsis beliefs, affect regulation opportunity, and aggressive responding. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81(1), 17-32.
- Spielberger, C. D., Sydeman, S. J., Owen, A. E., Marsh, B. J. (1999). Measuring anxiety and anger with the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI). In M. E. Maruish (Ed.), The use of psychological testing for treatment planning and outcomes assessment (2nd ed., pp. 993-1021). Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
- Striegel, D. (1994). Anger in tennis: Part 2. Effects of anger on performance, coping with anger, and using anger to one’s benefit. Journal of Performance Psychology, 2, 56-92.
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