# 9.0: Prelude to Factorial ANOVA


We have arrived to the most complicated thing we are going to discuss in this class. Unfortunately, we have to warn you that you might find this next stuff a bit complicated. You might not, and that would be great! We will try our best to present the issues in a few different ways, so you have a few different tools to help you understand the issue.

What’s this so very complicated issue? Well, the first part it isn’t that complicated. For example, up until now we have been talking about experiments. Most every experiment has had two important bits, the independent variable (the manipulation), and the dependent variable (what we measure). In most cases, our independent variable has had two levels, or three or four; but, there has only been one independent variable.

What if you wanted to manipulate more than one independent variable? If you did that you would at least two independent variables, each with their own levels. The rest of the book is about designs with more than one independent variable, and the statistical tests we use to analyze those designs.

Let’s go through some examples of designs so can see what we are talking about. We will be imagining experiments that are trying to improve students grades. So, the dependent variable will always be grade on a test.

1. 1 IV (two levels)

We would use a t-test for these designs, because they only have two levels.

1. Time of day (Morning versus Afternoon): Do students do better on tests when they take them in the morning versus the afternoon? There is one IV (time of day), with two levels (Morning vs. Afternoon)
2. Caffeine (some caffeine vs no caffeine): Do students do better on tests when they drink caffeine versus not drinking caffeine? There is one IV (caffeine), with two levels (some caffeine vs no caffeine)
1. 1 IV (three levels):

We would use an ANOVA for these designs because they have more than two levels

1. Time of day (Morning, Afternoon, Night): Do students do better on tests when they take them in the morning, the afternoon, or at night? There is one IV (time of day), with three levels (Morning, Afternoon, and Night)
2. Caffeine (1 coffee, 2 coffees, 3 coffees): Do students do better on tests when they drink 1 coffee, 2 coffees, or three coffees? There is one IV (caffeine), with three levels (1 coffee, 2 coffees, and 3 coffees)
1. 2 IVs, IV1 (two levels), IV2 (two levels)

We haven’t talked about what kind of test to run for this design (hint it is called a factorial ANOVA)

1. IV1 (Time of Day: Morning vs. Afternoon); IV2 (Caffeine: some caffeine vs. no caffeine): How does time of day and caffeine consumption influence student grades? We had students take tests in the morning or in the afternoon, with or without caffeine. There are two IVs (time of day & caffeine). IV1 (Time of day) has two levels (morning vs afternoon). IV2 (caffeine) has two levels (some caffeine vs. no caffeine)

OK, let’s stop here for the moment. The first two designs both had one IV. The third design shows an example of a design with 2 IVs (time of day and caffeine), each with two levels. This is called a 2x2 Factorial Design. It is called a factorial design, because the levels of each independent variable are fully crossed. This means that first each level of one IV, the levels of the other IV are also manipulated. “HOLD ON STOP PLEASE!” Yes, it seems as if we are starting to talk in the foreign language of statistics and research designs. We apologize for that. We’ll keep mixing it up with some plain language, and some pictures.

9.0: Prelude to Factorial ANOVA is shared under a not declared license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by LibreTexts.