Using start sets the starting value for the x-axis to a prespecified number, while frequency presets the number of observations for one unit of time. (Here: one annual observation.) Finally, plot is t...Using start sets the starting value for the x-axis to a prespecified number, while frequency presets the number of observations for one unit of time. (Here: one annual observation.) Finally, plot is the standard plotting command in R, where xlab and ylab determine the labels for the x-axis and y-axis, respectively, and main gives the headline.