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- https://stats.libretexts.org/Courses/Lumen_Learning/Statistics_for_the_Social_Sciences_(Pelz)/06%3A_Probability_and_Probability_Distributions/6.03%3A_Another_Look_at_Probability_(1_of_2)In the module Relationships in Categorical Data with Intro to Probability, we used the word probability to mean “likelihood” or “chance.” We used data to make statements about We can use the data from...In the module Relationships in Categorical Data with Intro to Probability, we used the word probability to mean “likelihood” or “chance.” We used data to make statements about We can use the data from the West Coast college that we saw in Relationships in Categorical Data with Intro to Probability and estimate that . Of course, this estimate assumes this college is a representative sample of community colleges.
- https://stats.libretexts.org/Courses/Lumen_Learning/Statistics_for_the_Social_Sciences_(Pelz)/14%3A_Module_1
- https://stats.libretexts.org/Courses/Lumen_Learning/Statistics_for_the_Social_Sciences_(Pelz)/02%3A_Summarizing_Data_Graphically_and_Numerically/2.04%3A_Introduction-_DotplotsWhat you’ll learn to do: Describe the distribution of quantitative data using a dotplot. LEARNING OBJECTIVES Describe the distribution of quantitative data using a dotplot. CC licensed content, Shared...What you’ll learn to do: Describe the distribution of quantitative data using a dotplot. LEARNING OBJECTIVES Describe the distribution of quantitative data using a dotplot. CC licensed content, Shared previously Concepts in Statistics. Provided by: Open Learning Initiative. Located at: http://oli.cmu.edu. License: CC BY: Attribution
- https://stats.libretexts.org/Courses/Lumen_Learning/Statistics_for_the_Social_Sciences_(Pelz)/06%3A_Probability_and_Probability_Distributions/6.20%3A_Normal_Random_Variables_(2_of_6)Learn By Doing https://assessments.lumenlearning.co...sessments/3564 Now we extend this idea to look at the probability of a value falling within 2 standard deviations of the mean or 3 standard deviat...Learn By Doing https://assessments.lumenlearning.co...sessments/3564 Now we extend this idea to look at the probability of a value falling within 2 standard deviations of the mean or 3 standard deviations of the mean. If X is a normal random variable with mean and standard deviation , then To summarize using probability notation: Comment Let’s take a moment to look a bit deeper at what the empirical rule tells us.
- https://stats.libretexts.org/Courses/Lumen_Learning/Statistics_for_the_Social_Sciences_(Pelz)/08%3A_Inference_for_One_Proportion/8.09%3A_Hypothesis_Testing_(4_of_5)To provide enough evidence to reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternative hypothesis, results have to be smaller than 0.40 and “rare.” When we set the significance level at 5% (α = 0.05), we...To provide enough evidence to reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternative hypothesis, results have to be smaller than 0.40 and “rare.” When we set the significance level at 5% (α = 0.05), we agree to view results that occur less than 5% of the time as “rare enough” to question whether the sample came from the population described by the null.
- https://stats.libretexts.org/Courses/Lumen_Learning/Statistics_for_the_Social_Sciences_(Pelz)/09%3A_Inference_for_Two_Proportions/9.15%3A_Hypothesis_Test_for_Difference_in_Two_Population_Proportions_(3_of_6)So we support the alternative hypothesis, p 1 − p 2 < 0, or more simply, p 1 < p 2 . The given sample data support the claim that the proportion of Wal-Mart workers with health insurance is lower than...So we support the alternative hypothesis, p 1 − p 2 < 0, or more simply, p 1 < p 2 . The given sample data support the claim that the proportion of Wal-Mart workers with health insurance is lower than the proportion of workers for large private companies. The P-value is the probability that the test statistic has a value more extreme than that associated with the data if the null hypothesis is true.
- https://stats.libretexts.org/Courses/Lumen_Learning/Statistics_for_the_Social_Sciences_(Pelz)/10%3A_Inference_for_Means/10.15%3A_Hypothesis_Test_for_a_Population_Mean_(4_of_5)Under appropriate conditions, conduct a hypothesis test about a mean for a matched pairs design. This page contains four opportunities for practicing the hypothesis test for a population mean from sta...Under appropriate conditions, conduct a hypothesis test about a mean for a matched pairs design. This page contains four opportunities for practicing the hypothesis test for a population mean from start to finish. A student in a statistics class at Los Medanos College wondered if the average amount of sleep on weeknights is different for LMC students. The treatment required students to send a short text message to a friend while listening to one of the audio clips.
- https://stats.libretexts.org/Courses/Lumen_Learning/Statistics_for_the_Social_Sciences_(Pelz)/08%3A_Inference_for_One_Proportion/8.02%3A_Introduction-_Estimating_a_Population_ProportionWhat you’ll learn to do: Construct a confidence interval to estimate a population proportion. Recognize situations that call for testing a claim about a population proportion or estimating a populatio...What you’ll learn to do: Construct a confidence interval to estimate a population proportion. Recognize situations that call for testing a claim about a population proportion or estimating a population proportion. Construct a confidence interval to estimate a population proportion when conditions are met. Interpret the confidence interval in context. For a confidence interval, interpret the meaning of a confidence level and relate it to the margin of error.
- https://stats.libretexts.org/Courses/Lumen_Learning/Statistics_for_the_Social_Sciences_(Pelz)/03%3A__Examining_Relationships-_Quantitative_Data/3.14%3A_Causation_and_Lurking_Variables_(1_of_2)The scatterplot below shows the relationship between the number of firefighters sent to fires (x) and the amount of damage caused by fires (y) in a certain city. A third variable is at play in the bac...The scatterplot below shows the relationship between the number of firefighters sent to fires (x) and the amount of damage caused by fires (y) in a certain city. A third variable is at play in the background – the seriousness of the fire – and is responsible for the observed relationship. It is a third variable that is neither the explanatory nor the response variable, but it affects your interpretation of the relationship between the explanatory and response variables.
- https://stats.libretexts.org/Courses/Lumen_Learning/Statistics_for_the_Social_Sciences_(Pelz)/06%3A_Probability_and_Probability_Distributions/6.01%3A_Why_It_Matters-_Probability_and_Probability_DistributionsThis gives us a way to draw conclusions about the population in the face of the uncertainty that is generated by the use of a random sample. In particular, if we find it quite unlikely that the sample...This gives us a way to draw conclusions about the population in the face of the uncertainty that is generated by the use of a random sample. In particular, if we find it quite unlikely that the sample percentage will be very different from the population percentage, then we have a lot of confidence that we can draw conclusions about the population on the basis of the sample.
- https://stats.libretexts.org/Courses/Lumen_Learning/Statistics_for_the_Social_Sciences_(Pelz)/10%3A_Inference_for_Means/10.08%3A_Estimating_a_Population_Mean_(1_of_3)The SAT is the most widely used college admission exam. (Most community colleges do not require students to take this exam.) The mean SAT math score varies by state and by year, so the value of µ depe...The SAT is the most widely used college admission exam. (Most community colleges do not require students to take this exam.) The mean SAT math score varies by state and by year, so the value of µ depends on the state and the year. Because we assume that the distribution of individual SAT math scores is normal in this example, a normal model is also a good fit for the distribution of sample means.
