General Linear Test
- Page ID
- 231
We are interested in testing for the dependence on the predictor variable from a different viewpoint. We call the model
\(Y_i = \beta_0+\beta_1X_i+\epsilon_i\)
the full model. We want to test \(H_0 : \beta_1 = 0\) against \(H_1 : \beta_1 \neq 0\). Under \(H_0 : \beta_1 = 0\), we have the reduced model:
\(Y_i = \beta_0 + \epsilon_i\)
Under the full model,
\[SSE_{full} = \sum_i(Y_i - \hat{Y_i})^2 = SSE .\]
Under the reduced model
\[SSE_{red} = \sum_i(Y_i - \hat{Y_i})^2 = SSTO\]
General Structure of Test Statistic
Observe that d.f.\((SSE_{full}) = n-2\), d.f.\((SSE_{red}) = n-1\) and \(SSE_{red} - SSE_{full} = SSR\).
$$F^\ast =\dfrac{\dfrac{SSE_{red}-SSE_{full}}{d.f.(SSE_{red})-d.f.(SSE_{full})}}{\dfrac{SSE_{full}}{d.f.(SSE_{full})}} = \dfrac{\dfrac{SSR}{d.f.(SSR)}}{\dfrac{SSE}{d.f.(SSE)}}=\dfrac{MSR}{MSE}$$
Under normal error model, and under \(H_0 : \beta_1 = 0, F^\ast\) has the \(F\) distribution with (paired) degress of freedom \((d.f.(SSE_{red}) - d.f.(SSE_{full}), d.f.(SSE_{full}))\).
Descriptive Measure of Association Between \(X\) and \(Y\)
Define the coefficient of determination:
$$R^2 = \dfrac{SSR}{SSTO}= 1-\dfrac{SSE}{SSTO}$$
Observe that \(0\leq R^2\leq 1\), and the correlation coefficient, Corr\((X, Y)\) between \(X\) and \(Y\) is the (signed) square root of \(R^2\). That is (Corr\((X, Y))^2 = R^2\). Larger value of \(R^2\) generally indicates higher degree of linear association between \(X\) and \(Y\). Another (and considered better) measure of association is the adjusted coefficient of determination:
$$R^2_{ad} =1- \dfrac{MSE}{MSTO}$$
\(R^2\) is the proportion of variability in \(Y\) explained by its regression on \(X\). Also, \(R^2\) is unit free, i.e. does not depend on the units of measurements of the variables \(X\) and \(Y\).
For the housing price data, \(SSR = 352.91, SSTO = 556.08, n = 19\), and hence \(SSE = 203.17\), \(d.f.(SSE) = 17\), \(d.f.(SSTO) = 18\). So, \(R^2 = \dfrac{352.91}{556.08} = 0.635\) and \(R^2_{ad} = 1-\dfrac{11.95}{30.8} = 0.613\).
Contributors
- Cathy Wang