9.6.3: Visual Exercise Environments and Treadmill Running
- Page ID
- 64649
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)Earlier we considered a study that assessed the effect that different visual and auditory environments have on athletic performance (Yeh et al. 2017). In particular, the study considered measures of athletic performance for individuals running on a treadmill in different visual environments. The visual environments included a video that represents a first-person perspective of moving through a park and a static image from the same park. These environments were compared to an environment selected by the participants, including visual and auditory entertainment. Each participant used the treadmill for a twenty-minute session under each of these environments. The speed of the treadmill was controlled by the participant in each case.
The two primary measurements taken on each participant were the distance ran and the mean heart rate during the run. The mean heart rate was computed for everyone by measuring the heart rate in one-minute intervals during the run. The mean value of these measurements was then computed. The mean distances and heart rates for each of the environments is reported in Table 9.11.
Table 9.11 Mean values for the measures of athletic performance and emotional state for the study of visual exercise environments and treadmill running (Yeh et al. 2017).
|
Dynamic |
Static |
Self-Selected |
|||||
|
Measure |
Sample Size |
Mean |
Standard Deviation |
Mean |
Standard Deviation |
Mean |
Standard Deviation |
|
Distance (m) |
30 |
2891.6 |
631.4 |
2767.2 |
6626 |
3066.8 |
688.5 |
|
Heart Rate (bpm) |
24 |
141 |
18 |
138 |
21 |
147 |
188 |
|
Pre Anxiety |
30 |
0.48 |
0.68 |
0.52 |
0.74 |
0.40 |
0.52 |
|
Post Anxiety |
30 |
0.17 |
0.26 |
0.22 |
0.34 |
0.26 |
0.31 |
|
Pre Happiness |
30 |
1.81 |
0.86 |
1.78 |
0.88 |
1.38 |
0.85 |
|
Post Happiness |
30 |
2.10 |
0.84 |
2.19 |
0.86 |
2.04 |
0.88 |
The mean distances for the dynamic, static, and self-selected are 2891.6m, 2767.2m, and 3066.8, respectively. Therefore, we can observe that the self-selected environment was associated with the farthest distance, followed by the dynamic environment, and then the static environment. The researchers also report the standard deviations for these measurements as indicated in Table 9.11. These standard deviations have a range between approximately 630m and 690m. Recalling the empirical rule, we can conclude that almost all the observed data is within three standard deviations of the means, which corresponds to approximately 1900m to 2100m. For example, the mean distance for the dynamic environment is 2891.6m and the standard deviation is 631.4m. This means that almost all the observed distances will be between
\[2891.6m-3\times 631.4m=2891.6m-1894.2m=997.4m, \nonumber \]
and
\[2891.6m+3×\times 631.4m=2891.6m+1894.2m=4785.8m. \nonumber \]
Similarly, for the static environment the mean distance is 2767.2m and the standard deviation is 662.6m. This means that almost all the observed distances will be between
\[2767.2m-3\times 662.6m=2767.2m-1987.8m=779.4m, \nonumber \]
and
\[2767.2m+3\times 662.6m=2767.2m+1987.8m=4755.0m. \nonumber \]
Finally, for the self-selected environment the mean distance is 3066.8m and the standard deviation is 688.5m. This means that almost all the observed distances will be between
\[3066.8m+3\times 688.5m=2767.2m-2065.5m=1001.3m, \nonumber \]
and
\[ 3066.8m+3\times 688.5m=2767.2m+2065.5m=5132.3m.\nonumber \]
The researchers in the study additionally gathered data on the emotional state of the participants using a survey that was administered before and after each exercise session. We will consider two of these measures here. The first is a measure of anxiety, where a smaller number indicates less anxiety. The mean pre-run anxiety level for the dynamic environment was 0.48 compared to a mean of 0.17 for the post-run anxiety level. Similar results are observed for the remaining two environments. The mean pre-run anxiety level for the static environment was 0.52 compared to a mean of 0.22 for the post-run anxiety level and for the self-selected environment the mean pre-run anxiety level was 0.40 compared to a post-run level of 0.26. Therefore, the exercise session reduced anxiety to some extent using each of the environments. The anxiety levels between environments are very close and therefore we shall not try to interpret them.
The second is a measure of happiness, where a larger number indicates more happiness. The mean pre-run happiness level for the dynamic environment was 1.81 compared to a mean of 2.10 for the post-run happiness level. Similar results are observed for the remaining two environments. The mean pre-run happiness level for the static environment was 0.86 compared to a mean of 0.84 for the post-run happiness level. For the self-selected environment, the mean pre-run happiness level was 1.38 compared to a post-run level of 2.04. Therefore, the exercise session increased happiness for each of the environments. It is interesting to note that the happiness level for the static environment is much lower than for the two other environments, and that the exercise session does not appear to increase happiness to the same extent as it does for the other two environments. It is also interesting to note that the happiness levels for the dynamic and the self-selected environments are nearly the same for both the pre-run and post-run measurement times.