# 11.E: Chi-Square Tests and F-Tests (Exercises)


These are homework exercises to accompany the Textmap created for "Introductory Statistics" by Shafer and Zhang.

## 11.1: Chi-Square Tests for Independence

### Q11.1.1

Find $$\chi _{0.01}^{2}$$ for each of the following number of degrees of freedom.

1. $$df=5$$
2. $$df=11$$
3. $$df=25$$

### Q11.1.2

Find $$\chi _{0.05}^{2}$$ for each of the following number of degrees of freedom.

1. $$df=6$$
2. $$df=12$$
3. $$df=30$$

### Q11.1.3

Find $$\chi _{0.10}^{2}$$ for each of the following number of degrees of freedom.

1. $$df=6$$
2. $$df=12$$
3. $$df=30$$

### Q11.1.4

Find $$\chi _{0.01}^{2}$$ for each of the following number of degrees of freedom.

1. $$df=7$$
2. $$df=10$$
3. $$df=20$$

### Q11.1.5

For $$df=7$$ and $$\alpha =0.05$$

1. $$\chi _{\alpha }^{2}$$
2. $$\chi _{\frac{\alpha }{2}}^{2}$$

### Q11.1.6

For $$df=17$$ and $$\alpha =0.01$$

1. $$\chi _{\alpha }^{2}$$
2. $$\chi _{\frac{\alpha }{2}}^{2}$$

### Q11.1.7

A data sample is sorted into a $$2 \times 2$$ contingency table based on two factors, each of which has two levels.

Factor 1
Level 1 Level 2 Row Total
Factor 2 Level 1 $20$ $10$ R
Level 2 $15$ 5 R
Column Total C C n
1. Find the column totals, the row totals, and the grand total, $$n$$, of the table.
2. Find the expected number $$E$$ of observations for each cell based on the assumption that the two factors are independent (that is, just use the formula $$E=(R\times C)/n$$).
3. Find the value of the chi-square test statistic $$\chi ^2$$.
4. Find the number of degrees of freedom of the chi-square test statistic.

### Q11.1.8

A data sample is sorted into a $$3 \times 2$$ contingency table based on two factors, one of which has three levels and the other of which has two levels.

Factor 1
Level 1 Level 2 Row Total
Factor 2 Level 1 $20$ $10$ R
Level 2 $15$ 5 R
Level 3 $10$ $20$ R
Column Total C C n
1. Find the column totals, the row totals, and the grand total, $$n$$, of the table.
2. Find the expected number $$E$$ of observations for each cell based on the assumption that the two factors are independent (that is, just use the formula $$E=(R\times C)/n$$).
3. Find the value of the chi-square test statistic $$\chi ^2$$.
4. Find the number of degrees of freedom of the chi-square test statistic.

### Q11.1.9

A child psychologist believes that children perform better on tests when they are given perceived freedom of choice. To test this belief, the psychologist carried out an experiment in which $$200$$ third graders were randomly assigned to two groups, $$A$$ and $$B$$. Each child was given the same simple logic test. However in group $$B$$, each child was given the freedom to choose a text booklet from many with various drawings on the covers. The performance of each child was rated as Very Good, Good, and Fair. The results are summarized in the table provided. Test, at the $$5\%$$ level of significance, whether there is sufficient evidence in the data to support the psychologist’s belief.

Group
A B
Performance Very Good 32 29
Good 55 61
Fair 10 13

### Q11.1.10

In regard to wine tasting competitions, many experts claim that the first glass of wine served sets a reference taste and that a different reference wine may alter the relative ranking of the other wines in competition. To test this claim, three wines, $$A$$, $$B$$ and $$C$$, were served at a wine tasting event. Each person was served a single glass of each wine, but in different orders for different guests. At the close, each person was asked to name the best of the three. One hundred seventy-two people were at the event and their top picks are given in the table provided. Test, at the $$1\%$$ level of significance, whether there is sufficient evidence in the data to support the claim that wine experts’ preference is dependent on the first served wine.

Top Pick
A B C
First Glass A 12 31 27
B 15 40 21
C 10 9 7
1. Is being left-handed hereditary? To answer this question, $$250$$ adults are randomly selected and their handedness and their parents’ handedness are noted. The results are summarized in the table provided. Test, at the $$1\%$$ level of significance, whether there is sufficient evidence in the data to conclude that there is a hereditary element in handedness.
Number of Parents Left-Handed
0 1 2
Handedness Left 8 10 12
Right 178 21 21
2. Some geneticists claim that the genes that determine left-handedness also govern development of the language centers of the brain. If this claim is true, then it would be reasonable to expect that left-handed people tend to have stronger language abilities. A study designed to text this claim randomly selected $$807$$ students who took the Graduate Record Examination (GRE). Their scores on the language portion of the examination were classified into three categories: low, average, and high, and their handedness was also noted. The results are given in the table provided. Test, at the $$5\%$$ level of significance, whether there is sufficient evidence in the data to conclude that left-handed people tend to have stronger language abilities.
GRE English Scores
Low Average High
Handedness Left 18 40 22
Right 201 360 166
3. It is generally believed that children brought up in stable families tend to do well in school. To verify such a belief, a social scientist examined $$290$$ randomly selected students’ records in a public high school and noted each student’s family structure and academic status four years after entering high school. The data were then sorted into a $$2 \times 3$$ contingency table with two factors. $$\text{Factor 1}$$ has two levels: graduated and did not graduate. $$\text{Factor 2}$$ has three levels: no parent, one parent, and two parents. The results are given in the table provided. Test, at the $$1\%$$ level of significance, whether there is sufficient evidence in the data to conclude that family structure matters in school performance of the students.
Family No parent 18 31
One parent 101 44
Two parents 70 26
4. A large middle school administrator wishes to use celebrity influence to encourage students to make healthier choices in the school cafeteria. The cafeteria is situated at the center of an open space. Everyday at lunch time students get their lunch and a drink in three separate lines leading to three separate serving stations. As an experiment, the school administrator displayed a poster of a popular teen pop star drinking milk at each of the three areas where drinks are provided, except the milk in the poster is different at each location: one shows white milk, one shows strawberry-flavored pink milk, and one shows chocolate milk. After the first day of the experiment the administrator noted the students’ milk choices separately for the three lines. The data are given in the table provided. Test, at the $$1\%$$ level of significance, whether there is sufficient evidence in the data to conclude that the posters had some impact on the students’ drink choices.
Student Choice
Regular Strawberry Chocolate
Poster Choice
Regular 38 28 40
Strawberry 18 51 24
Chocolate 32 32 53

### Large Data Set Exercise

Large Data Sets not available

1. Large $$\text{Data Set 8}$$ records the result of a survey of $$300$$ randomly selected adults who go to movie theaters regularly. For each person the gender and preferred type of movie were recorded. Test, at the $$5\%$$ level of significance, whether there is sufficient evidence in the data to conclude that the factors “gender” and “preferred type of movie” are dependent.

1. $$15.09$$
2. $$24.72$$
3. $$44.31$$
1. $$10.64$$
2. $$18.55$$
3. $$40.26$$
1. $$14.07$$
2. $$16.01$$
1. $$C_1=35,\; C_2=15,\; R_1=30,\; R_2=20,\; n=50$$
2. $$E_{11}=21,\; E_{12}=9,\; E_{21}=14,\; E_{22}=6$$
3. $$\chi ^2=0.3968$$
4. $$df=1$$
1. $$\chi ^2=0.6698,\; \chi _{0.05}^{2}=5.99$$, do not reject $$H_0$$
2. $$\chi ^2=72.35,\; \chi _{0.01}^{2}=9.21$$, reject $$H_0$$
3. $$\chi ^2=21.2784,\; \chi _{0.01}^{2}=9.21$$, reject $$H_0$$
4. $$\chi ^2=28.4539$$, $$df=3$$, Rejection Region: $$[7.815,\infty )$$, Decision: reject $$H_0$$ of independence

## 11.2: Chi-Square One-Sample Goodness-of-Fit Tests

### Basic

1. A data sample is sorted into five categories with an assumed probability distribution.
Factor Levels Assumed Distribution Observed Frequency
1 $$p_1=0.1$$ 10
2 $$p_2=0.4$$ 35
3 $$p_3=0.4$$ 45
4 $$p_4=0.1$$ 10
1. Find the size $$n$$ of the sample.
2. Find the expected number $$E$$ of observations for each level, if the sampled population has a probability distribution as assumed (that is, just use the formula $$E_i=n\times p_i$$).
3. Find the chi-square test statistic $$\chi ^2$$.
4. Find the number of degrees of freedom of the chi-square test statistic.
2. A data sample is sorted into five categories with an assumed probability distribution.
Factor Levels Assumed Distribution Observed Frequency
1 $$p_1=0.3$$ 23
2 $$p_2=0.3$$ 30
3 $$p_3=0.2$$ 19
4 $$p_4=0.1$$ 8
5 $$p_5=0.1$$ 10
1. Find the size $$n$$ of the sample.
2. Find the expected number $$E$$ of observations for each level, if the sampled population has a probability distribution as assumed (that is, just use the formula $$E_i=n\times p_i$$).
3. Find the chi-square test statistic $$\chi ^2$$.
4. Find the number of degrees of freedom of the chi-square test statistic.

### Applications

1. Retailers of collectible postage stamps often buy their stamps in large quantities by weight at auctions. The prices the retailers are willing to pay depend on how old the postage stamps are. Many collectible postage stamps at auctions are described by the proportions of stamps issued at various periods in the past. Generally the older the stamps the higher the value. At one particular auction, a lot of collectible stamps is advertised to have the age distribution given in the table provided. A retail buyer took a sample of $$73$$ stamps from the lot and sorted them by age. The results are given in the table provided. Test, at the $$5\%$$ level of significance, whether there is sufficient evidence in the data to conclude that the age distribution of the lot is different from what was claimed by the seller.
Year Claimed Distribution Observed Frequency
Before 1940 0.10 6
1940 to 1959 0.25 15
1960 to 1979 0.45 30
After 1979 0.20 22
2. The litter size of Bengal tigers is typically two or three cubs, but it can vary between one and four. Based on long-term observations, the litter size of Bengal tigers in the wild has the distribution given in the table provided. A zoologist believes that Bengal tigers in captivity tend to have different (possibly smaller) litter sizes from those in the wild. To verify this belief, the zoologist searched all data sources and found $$316$$ litter size records of Bengal tigers in captivity. The results are given in the table provided. Test, at the $$5\%$$ level of significance, whether there is sufficient evidence in the data to conclude that the distribution of litter sizes in captivity differs from that in the wild.
Litter Size Wild Litter Distribution Observed Frequency
1 0.11 41
2 0.69 243
3 0.18 27
4 0.02 5
3. An online shoe retailer sells men’s shoes in sizes $$8$$ to $$13$$. In the past orders for the different shoe sizes have followed the distribution given in the table provided. The management believes that recent marketing efforts may have expanded their customer base and, as a result, there may be a shift in the size distribution for future orders. To have a better understanding of its future sales, the shoe seller examined $$1,040$$ sales records of recent orders and noted the sizes of the shoes ordered. The results are given in the table provided. Test, at the $$1\%$$ level of significance, whether there is sufficient evidence in the data to conclude that the shoe size distribution of future sales will differ from the historic one.
Shoe Size Past Size Distribution Recent Size Frequency
8.0 0.03 25
8.5 0.06 43
9.0 0.09 88
9.5 0.19 221
10.0 0.23 272
10.5 0.14 150
11.0 0.10 107
11.5 0.06 51
12.0 0.05 37
12.5 0.03 35
13.0 0.02 11
4. An online shoe retailer sells women’s shoes in sizes $$5$$ to $$10$$. In the past orders for the different shoe sizes have followed the distribution given in the table provided. The management believes that recent marketing efforts may have expanded their customer base and, as a result, there may be a shift in the size distribution for future orders. To have a better understanding of its future sales, the shoe seller examined $$1,174$$ sales records of recent orders and noted the sizes of the shoes ordered. The results are given in the table provided. Test, at the $$1\%$$ level of significance, whether there is sufficient evidence in the data to conclude that the shoe size distribution of future sales will differ from the historic one.
Shoe Size Past Size Distribution Recent Size Frequency
5.0 0.02 20
5.5 0.03 23
6.0 0.07 88
6.5 0.08 90
7.0 0.20 222
7.5 0.20 258
8.0 0.15 177
8.5 0.11 121
9.0 0.08 91
9.5 0.04 53
10.0 0.02 31
5. A chess opening is a sequence of moves at the beginning of a chess game. There are many well-studied named openings in chess literature. French Defense is one of the most popular openings for black, although it is considered a relatively weak opening since it gives black probability $$0.344$$ of winning, probability $$0.405$$ of losing, and probability $$0.251$$ of drawing. A chess master believes that he has discovered a new variation of French Defense that may alter the probability distribution of the outcome of the game. In his many Internet chess games in the last two years, he was able to apply the new variation in $$77$$ games. The wins, losses, and draws in the $$77$$ games are given in the table provided. Test, at the $$5\%$$ level of significance, whether there is sufficient evidence in the data to conclude that the newly discovered variation of French Defense alters the probability distribution of the result of the game.
Result for Black Probability Distribution New Variation Wins
Win 0.344 31
Loss 0.405 25
Draw 0.251 21
6. The Department of Parks and Wildlife stocks a large lake with fish every six years. It is determined that a healthy diversity of fish in the lake should consist of $$10\%$$ largemouth bass, $$15\%$$ smallmouth bass, $$10\%$$ striped bass, $$10\%$$ trout, and $$20\%$$ catfish. Therefore each time the lake is stocked, the fish population in the lake is restored to maintain that particular distribution. Every three years, the department conducts a study to see whether the distribution of the fish in the lake has shifted away from the target proportions. In one particular year, a research group from the department observed a sample of $$292$$ fish from the lake with the results given in the table provided. Test, at the $$5\%$$ level of significance, whether there is sufficient evidence in the data to conclude that the fish population distribution has shifted since the last stocking.
Fish Target Distribution Fish in Sample
Largemouth Bass 0.10 14
Smallmouth Bass 0.15 49
Striped Bass 0.10 21
Trout 0.10 22
Catfish 0.20 75
Other 0.35 111

### Large Data Set Exercise

Large Data Sets not available

1. Large $$\text{Data Set 4}$$ records the result of $$500$$ tosses of six-sided die. Test, at the $$10\%$$ level of significance, whether there is sufficient evidence in the data to conclude that the die is not “fair” (or “balanced”), that is, that the probability distribution differs from probability $$1/6$$ for each of the six faces on the die.

### S11.2.1

1. $$n=100$$
2. $$E=10,E=40,E=40,E=10$$
3. $$\chi^2=1.25$$
4. $$df=3$$

### S11.2.3

$$\chi ^2=4.8082,\; \chi _{0.05}^{2}=7.81,\; \text{do not reject } H_0$$

### S11.2.5

$$\chi ^2=26.5765,\; \chi _{0.01}^{2}=23.21,\; \text{reject } H_0$$

### S11.2.7

$$\chi ^2=2.1401,\; \chi _{0.05}^{2}=5.99,\; \text{do not reject } H_0$$

### S11.2.9

$$\chi ^2=2.944,\; df=5,\; \text{Rejection Region: }[9.236,\infty ),\; \text{Decision: Fail to reject }H_0\; \text{of balance}$$

## 11.3 F-tests for Equality of Two Variances

### Basic

1. Find $$F_{0.01}$$ for each of the following degrees of freedom.
1. $$df_1=5$$ and $$df_2=5$$
2. $$df_1=5$$ and $$df_2=12$$
3. $$df_1=12$$ and $$df_2=20$$
2. Find $$F_{0.05}$$ for each of the following degrees of freedom.
1. $$df_1=6$$ and $$df_2=6$$
2. $$df_1=6$$ and $$df_2=12$$
3. $$df_1=12$$ and $$df_2=30$$
3. Find $$F_{0.95}$$ for each of the following degrees of freedom.
1. $$df_1=6$$ and $$df_2=6$$
2. $$df_1=6$$ and $$df_2=12$$
3. $$df_1=12$$ and $$df_2=30$$
4. Find $$F_{0.90}$$ for each of the following degrees of freedom.
1. $$df_1=5$$ and $$df_2=5$$
2. $$df_1=5$$ and $$df_2=12$$
3. $$df_1=12$$ and $$df_2=20$$
5. For $$df_1=7$$, $$df_2=10$$ and $$\alpha =0.05$$, find
1. $$F_{\alpha }$$
2. $$F_{1-\alpha }$$
3. $$F_{\alpha /2}$$
4. $$F_{1-\alpha /2}$$
6. For $$df_1=15$$, $$df_2=8$$ and $$\alpha =0.01$$, find
1. $$F_{\alpha }$$
2. $$F_{1-\alpha }$$
3. $$F_{\alpha /2}$$
4. $$F_{1-\alpha /2}$$
7. For each of the two samples $\text{Sample 1}:\{8,2,11,0,-2\}\\ \text{Sample 2}:\{-2,0,0,0,2,4,-1\}$ find
1. the sample size
2. the sample mean
3. the sample variance
8. For each of the two samples $\text{Sample 1}:\{0.8,1.2,1.1,0.8,-2.0\}\\ \text{Sample 2}:\{-2.0,0.0,0.7,0.8,2.2,4.1,-1.9\}$ find
1. the sample size
2. the sample mean
3. the sample variance
9. Two random samples taken from two normal populations yielded the following information:
Sample Sample Size Sample Variance
1 $$n_1=16$$ $$s_{1}^{2}=53$$
2 $$n_2=21$$ $$s_{2}^{2}=32$$
1. Find the statistic $$F=s_{1}^{2}/s_{2}^{2}$$
2. Find the degrees of freedom $$df_1$$ and $$df_2$$.
3. Find $$F_{0.05}$$ using $$df_1$$ and $$df_2$$ computed above.
4. Perform the test the hypotheses $$H_0:\alpha _{1}^{2}=\alpha _{2}^{2}\; vs\; H_a:\alpha _{1}^{2}>\alpha _{2}^{2}$$ at the $$5\%$$ level of significance.
10. Two random samples taken from two normal populations yielded the following information:
Sample Sample Size Sample Variance
1 $$n_1=11$$ $$s_{1}^{2}=61$$
2 $$n_2=8$$ $$s_{2}^{2}=44$$
1. Find the statistic $$F=s_{1}^{2}/s_{2}^{2}$$.
2. Find the degrees of freedom $$df_1$$ and $$df_2$$.
3. Find $$F_{0.05}$$ using $$df_1$$ and $$df_2$$computed above.
4. Perform the test the hypotheses $$H_0:\alpha _{1}^{2}=\alpha _{2}^{2}\; vs\; H_a:\alpha _{1}^{2}>\alpha _{2}^{2}$$ at the $$5\%$$ level of significance.
11. Two random samples taken from two normal populations yielded the following information:
1. Find the statistic $$F=s_{1}^{2}/s_{2}^{2}$$.
2. Find the degrees of freedom $$df_1$$ and $$df_2$$.
3. For $$\alpha =0.05$$ find $$F_{1-\alpha }$$ using $$df_1$$ and $$df_2$$ computed above.
4. Perform the test the hypotheses $$H_0:\alpha _{1}^{2}=\alpha _{2}^{2}\; vs\; H_a:\alpha _{1}^{2}<\alpha _{2}^{2}$$ at the $$5\%$$ level of significance.
12. Sample Sample Size Sample Variance
1 $$n_1=10$$ $$s_{1}^{2}=12$$
2 $$n_2=13$$ $$s_{2}^{2}=23$$
13. Two random samples taken from two normal populations yielded the following information:
Sample Sample Size Sample Variance
1 $$n_1=8$$ $$s_{1}^{2}=102$$
2 $$n_2=8$$ $$s_{2}^{2}=603$$
1. Find the statistic $$F=s_{1}^{2}/s_{2}^{2}$$
2. Find the degrees of freedom $$df_1$$ and $$df_2$$.
3. For $$\alpha =0.05$$ find $$F_{1-\alpha }$$using $$df_1$$ and $$df_2$$computed above.
4. Perform the test the hypotheses $$H_0:\alpha _{1}^{2}=\alpha _{2}^{2}\; vs\; H_a:\alpha _{1}^{2}<\alpha _{2}^{2}$$at the $$5\%$$ level of significance.
14. Two random samples taken from two normal populations yielded the following information:
Sample Sample Size Sample Variance
1 $$n_1=9$$ $$s_{1}^{2}=123$$
2 $$n_2=31$$ $$s_{2}^{2}=543$$
1. Find the statistic $$F=s_{1}^{2}/s_{2}^{2}$$
2. Find the degrees of freedom $$df_1$$ and $$df_2$$.
3. For $$\alpha =0.05$$ find $$F_{1-\alpha /2}$$ and $$F_{\alpha /2}$$ using $$df_1$$ and $$df_2$$computed above.
4. Perform the test the hypotheses $$H_0:\alpha _{1}^{2}=\alpha _{2}^{2}\; vs\; H_a:\alpha _{1}^{2}\neq \alpha _{2}^{2}$$at the $$5\%$$ level of significance.
15. Two random samples taken from two normal populations yielded the following information:
Sample Sample Size Sample Variance
1 $$n_1=21$$ $$s_{1}^{2}=199$$
2 $$n_2=21$$ $$s_{2}^{2}=66$$
1. Find the statistic $$F=s_{1}^{2}/s_{2}^{2}$$
2. Find the degrees of freedom $$df_1$$ and $$df_2$$.
3. For $$\alpha =0.05$$ find $$df_1$$ and $$df_2$$computed above.
4. Perform the test the hypotheses $$H_0:\alpha _{1}^{2}=\alpha _{2}^{2}\; vs\; H_a:\alpha _{1}^{2}\neq \alpha _{2}^{2}$$at the $$5\%$$ level of significance.

### Applications

1. Japanese sturgeon is a subspecies of the sturgeon family indigenous to Japan and the Northwest Pacific. In a particular fish hatchery newly hatched baby Japanese sturgeon are kept in tanks for several weeks before being transferred to larger ponds. Dissolved oxygen in tank water is very tightly monitored by an electronic system and rigorously maintained at a target level of $$6.5$$ milligrams per liter (mg/l). The fish hatchery looks to upgrade their water monitoring systems for tighter control of dissolved oxygen. A new system is evaluated against the old one currently being used in terms of the variance in measured dissolved oxygen. Thirty-one water samples from a tank operated with the new system were collected and $$16$$ water samples from a tank operated with the old system were collected, all during the course of a day. The samples yield the following information:$\text{New Sample 1: }n_1=31\; s_{1}^{2}=0.0121\\ \text{Old Sample 2: }n_1=16\; s_{2}^{2}=0.0319$Test, at the $$10\%$$ level of significance, whether the data provide sufficient evidence to conclude that the new system will provide a tighter control of dissolved oxygen in the tanks.
2. The risk of investing in a stock is measured by the volatility, or the variance, in changes in the price of that stock. Mutual funds are baskets of stocks and offer generally lower risk to investors. Different mutual funds have different focuses and offer different levels of risk. Hippolyta is deciding between two mutual funds, $$A$$ and $$B$$, with similar expected returns. To make a final decision, she examined the annual returns of the two funds during the last ten years and obtained the following information: $\text{Mutual Fund A Sample 1: }n_1=10\; s_{1}^{2}=0.012\\ \text{Mutual Fund B Sample 2: }n_1=10\; s_{2}^{2}=0.005$Test, at the $$5\%$$ level of significance, whether the data provide sufficient evidence to conclude that the two mutual funds offer different levels of risk.
3. It is commonly acknowledged that grading of the writing part of a college entrance examination is subject to inconsistency. Every year a large number of potential graders are put through a rigorous training program before being given grading assignments. In order to gauge whether such a training program really enhances consistency in grading, a statistician conducted an experiment in which a reference essay was given to $$61$$ trained graders and $$31$$ untrained graders. Information on the scores given by these graders is summarized below:$\text{Trained Sample 1: }n_1=61\; s_{1}^{2}=2.15\\ \text{Untrained Sample 2: }n_1=31\; s_{2}^{2}=3.91$Test, at the $$5\%$$ level of significance, whether the data provide sufficient evidence to conclude that the training program enhances the consistency in essay grading.
4. A common problem encountered by many classical music radio stations is that their listeners belong to an increasingly narrow band of ages in the population. The new general manager of a classical music radio station believed that a new playlist offered by a professional programming agency would attract listeners from a wider range of ages. The new list was used for a year. Two random samples were taken before and after the new playlist was adopted. Information on the ages of the listeners in the sample are summarized below:$\text{Before Sample 1: }n_1=21\; s_{1}^{2}=56.25\\ \text{After Sample 2: }n_1=16\; s_{2}^{2}=76.56$Test, at the $$10\%$$ level of significance, whether the data provide sufficient evidence to conclude that the new playlist has expanded the range of listener ages.
5. A laptop computer maker uses battery packs supplied by two companies, $$A$$ and $$B$$. While both brands have the same average battery life between charges (LBC), the computer maker seems to receive more complaints about shorter LBC than expected for battery packs supplied by company $$B$$. The computer maker suspects that this could be caused by higher variance in LBC for Brand $$B$$. To check that, ten new battery packs from each brand are selected, installed on the same models of laptops, and the laptops are allowed to run until the battery packs are completely discharged. The following are the observed LBCs in hours.
Brand $$A$$ Brand $$B$$
3.2 3.0
3.4 3.5
2.8 2.9
3.0 3.1
3.0 2.3
3.0 2.0
2.8 3.0
2.9 2.9
3.0 3.0
3.0 4.1
Test, at the $$5\%$$ level of significance, whether the data provide sufficient evidence to conclude that the LBCs of Brand $$B$$ have a larger variance that those of Brand $$A$$.
6. A manufacturer of a blood-pressure measuring device for home use claims that its device is more consistent than that produced by a leading competitor. During a visit to a medical store a potential buyer tried both devices on himself repeatedly during a short period of time. The following are readings of systolic pressure.
Manufacturer Competitor
132 129
134 132
129 129
129 138
130
132
1. Test, at the $$5\%$$ level of significance, whether the data provide sufficient evidence to conclude that the manufacturer’s claim is true.
2. Repeat the test at the $$10\%$$ level of significance. Quote as many computations from part (a) as possible.

### Large Data Set Exercises

Large Data Sets not available

1. Large $$\text{Data Sets 1A and 1B }$$record SAT scores for $$419$$ male and $$581$$ female students. Test, at the $$1\%$$ level of significance, whether the data provide sufficient evidence to conclude that the variances of scores of male and female students differ.
2. Large $$\text{Data Sets 7, 7A, and 7B }$$record the survival times of $$140$$ laboratory mice with thymic leukemia. Test, at the $$10\%$$ level of significance, whether the data provide sufficient evidence to conclude that the variances of survival times of male mice and female mice differ.

1. $$11.0$$
2. $$5.06$$
3. $$3.23$$
1. $$0.23$$
2. $$0.25$$
3. $$0.40$$
1. $$3.14$$
2. $$0.27$$
3. $$3.95$$
4. $$0.21$$
1. $$\text{Sample 1}$$
1. $$n_1=5$$
2. $$\bar{x_1}=3.8$$
3. $$s_{1}^{2}=30.2$$
2. $$\text{Sample 1}$$
1. $$n_2=7$$
2. $$\bar{x_1}=0.4286$$
3. $$s_{2}^{2}=3.95$$
1. $$1.6563$$
2. $$df_1=15,\; df_2=20$$
3. $$F_{0.05}=2.2$$
4. do not reject $$H_0$$
1. $$0.5217$$
2. $$df_1=9,\; df_2=12$$
3. $$F_{0.95}=0.3254$$
4. do not reject $$H_0$$
1. $$0.1692$$
2. $$df_1=8,\; df_2=30$$
3. $$F_{0.975}=0.26,\; F_{0.025}=2.65$$
4. reject $$H_0$$
1. $$F = 0.3793,\; F_{0.90}=0.58$$, reject $$H_0$$
2. $$F = 0.5499,\; F_{0.95}=0.61$$, reject $$H_0$$
3. $$F = 0.0971,\; F_{0.95}=0.31$$, reject $$H_0$$
4. $$F = 0.893131, df_1=418,\; df_2=580$$. Rejection Region: $$(0,0.7897]\cup [1.2614,\infty )$$. Decision: Fail to reject $$H_0$$ of equal variances.

## 11.4 F-Tests in One-Way ANOVA

### Basic

1. The following three random samples are taken from three normal populations with respective means $$\mu _1$$, $$\mu _2$$ and $$\mu _3$$, and the same variance $$\sigma ^2$$.
Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3
2 3 0
2 5 1
3 7 2
5 1
3
1. Find the combined sample size $$n$$.
2. Find the combined sample mean $$\bar{x}$$.
3. Find the sample mean for each of the three samples.
4. Find the sample variance for each of the three samples.
5. Find $$MST$$.
6. Find $$MSE$$.
7. Find $$F=MST/MSE$$.
2. The following three random samples are taken from three normal populations with respective means $$\mu _1$$, $$\mu _2$$ and $$\mu _3$$, and the same variance $$\sigma ^2$$.
Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3
0.0 1.3 0.2
0.1 1.5 0.2
0.2 1.7 0.3
0.1 0.5
0.0
1. Find the combined sample size $$n$$.
2. Find the combined sample mean $$\bar{x}$$.
3. Find the sample mean for each of the three samples.
4. Find the sample variance for each of the three samples.
5. Find $$MST$$.
6. Find $$MSE$$.
7. Find $$F=MST/MSE$$.
3. Refer to Exercise 1.
1. Find the number of populations under consideration $$K$$.
2. Find the degrees of freedom $$df_1=K-1$$ and $$df_2=n-K$$
3. For $$\alpha =0.05$$, find $$F_{\alpha }$$ with the degrees of freedom computed above.
4. At $$\alpha =0.05$$, test hypotheses $H_0: \mu _1=\mu _2=\mu _3\\ vs\; H_a: \text{at least one pair of the population means are not equal}$
4. Refer to Exercise 2.
1. Find the number of populations under consideration $$K$$.
2. Find the degrees of freedom $$df_1=K-1$$ and $$df_2=n-K$$
3. For $$\alpha =0.01$$, find $$F_{\alpha }$$ with the degrees of freedom computed above.
4. At $$\alpha =0.01$$, test hypotheses $H_0: \mu _1=\mu _2=\mu _3\\ vs\; H_a: \text{at least one pair of the population means are not equal}$

### Applications

1. The Mozart effect refers to a boost of average performance on tests for elementary school students if the students listen to Mozart’s chamber music for a period of time immediately before the test. In order to attempt to test whether the Mozart effect actually exists, an elementary school teacher conducted an experiment by dividing her third-grade class of $$15$$ students into three groups of $$5$$. The first group was given an end-of-grade test without music; the second group listened to Mozart’s chamber music for $$10$$ minutes; and the third groups listened to Mozart’s chamber music for $$20$$ minutes before the test. The scores of the $$15$$ students are given below:
Group 1 Group 2 Group 3
80 79 73
63 73 82
74 74 79
71 77 82
70 81 84
Using the ANOVA $$F$$-test at $$\alpha =0.10$$, is there sufficient evidence in the data to suggest that the Mozart effect exists?
2. The Mozart effect refers to a boost of average performance on tests for elementary school students if the students listen to Mozart’s chamber music for a period of time immediately before the test. Many educators believe that such an effect is not necessarily due to Mozart’s music per se but rather a relaxation period before the test. To support this belief, an elementary school teacher conducted an experiment by dividing her third-grade class of $$15$$ students into three groups of $$5$$. Students in the first group were asked to give themselves a self-administered facial massage; students in the second group listened to Mozart’s chamber music for $$15$$ minutes; students in the third group listened to Schubert’s chamber music for $$15$$ minutes before the test. The scores of the $$15$$ students are given below:
Group 1 Group 2 Group 3
79 82 80
81 84 81
80 86 71
89 91 90
86 82 86
Test, using the ANOVA $$F$$-test at the $$10\%$$ level of significance, whether the data provide sufficient evidence to conclude that any of the three relaxation method does better than the others.
3. Precision weighing devices are sensitive to environmental conditions. Temperature and humidity in a laboratory room where such a device is installed are tightly controlled to ensure high precision in weighing. A newly designed weighing device is claimed to be more robust against small variations of temperature and humidity. To verify such a claim, a laboratory tests the new device under four settings of temperature-humidity conditions. First, two levels of high and low temperature and two levels of high and low humidity are identified. Let $$T$$ stand for temperature and $$H$$ for humidity. The four experimental settings are defined and noted as $$\text{(T, H): (high, high), (high, low), (low, high), and (low, low)}$$. A pre-calibrated standard weight of $$1$$ kg was weighed by the new device four times in each setting. The results in terms of error (in micrograms mcg) are given below:
(high, high) (high, low) (low, high) (low, low)
−1.50 11.47 −14.29 5.54
−6.73 9.28 −18.11 10.34
11.69 5.58 −11.16 15.23
−5.72 10.80 −10.41 −5.69
Test, using the ANOVA $$F$$-test at the $$1\%$$ level of significance, whether the data provide sufficient evidence to conclude that the mean weight readings by the newly designed device vary among the four settings.
4. To investigate the real cost of owning different makes and models of new automobiles, a consumer protection agency followed $$16$$ owners of new vehicles of four popular makes and models, call them $$\text{TC,HA,NA, and FT}$$, and kept a record of each of the owner’s real cost in dollars for the first five years. The five-year costs of the $$16$$ car owners are given below:
TC HA NA FT
8423 7776 8907 10333
7889 7211 9077 9217
8665 6870 8732 10540
7129 9747
7359 8677
Test, using the ANOVA $$F$$-test at the $$5\%$$ level of significance, whether the data provide sufficient evidence to conclude that there are differences among the mean real costs of ownership for these four models.
5. Helping people to lose weight has become a huge industry in the United States, with annual revenue in the hundreds of billion dollars. Recently each of the three market-leading weight reducing programs claimed to be the most effective. A consumer research company recruited $$33$$ people who wished to lose weight and sent them to the three leading programs. After six months their weight losses were recorded. The results are summarized below:
Statistic Prog. 1 Prog. 2 Prog. 3
Sample Mean $$\bar{x_1}=10.65$$ $$\bar{x_2}=8.90$$ $$\bar{x_3}=9.33$$
Sample Variance $$s_{1}^{2}=27.20$$ $$s_{2}^{2}=16.86$$ $$s_{3}^{2}=32.40$$
Sample Size $$n_1=11$$ $$n_2=11$$ $$n_3=11$$
The mean weight loss of the combined sample of all $$33$$ people was $$\bar{x}=9.63$$. Test, using the ANOVA $$F$$-test at the $$5\%$$ level of significance, whether the data provide sufficient evidence to conclude that some program is more effective than the others.
6. A leading pharmaceutical company in the disposable contact lenses market has always taken for granted that the sales of certain peripheral products such as contact lens solutions would automatically go with the established brands. The long-standing culture in the company has been that lens solutions would not make a significant difference in user experience. Recent market research surveys, however, suggest otherwise. To gain a better understanding of the effects of contact lens solutions on user experience, the company conducted a comparative study in which $$63$$ contact lens users were randomly divided into three groups, each of which received one of three top selling lens solutions on the market, including one of the company’s own. After using the assigned solution for two weeks, each participant was asked to rate the solution on the scale of $$1$$ to $$5$$ for satisfaction, with $$5$$ being the highest level of satisfaction. The results of the study are summarized below:
Statistics Sol. 1 Sol. 2 Sol. 3
Sample Mean $$\bar{x_1}=3.28$$ $$\bar{x_2}=3.96$$ $$\bar{x_3}=4.10$$
Sample Variance $$s_{1}^{2}=0.15$$ $$s_{2}^{2}=0.32$$ $$s_{3}^{2}=0.36$$
Sample Size $$n_1=18$$ $$n_1=23$$ $$n_1=22$$
The mean satisfaction level of the combined sample of all $$63$$ participants was $$\bar{x}=3.81$$. Test, using the ANOVA $$F$$-test at the $$5\%$$ level of significance, whether the data provide sufficient evidence to conclude that not all three average satisfaction levels are the same

### Large Data Set Exercise

Large Data Set not available

1. Large $$\text{Data Set 9}$$ records the costs of materials (textbook, solution manual, laboratory fees, and so on) in each of ten different courses in each of three different subjects, chemistry, computer science, and mathematics. Test, at the $$1\%$$ level of significance, whether the data provide sufficient evidence to conclude that the mean costs in the three disciplines are not all the same.

1. $$n=12$$
2. $$\bar{x}=2.8333$$
3. $$\bar{x_1}=3,\; \bar{x_2}=5,\; \bar{x_3}=1$$
4. $$s_{1}^{2}=1.5,\; s_{2}^{2}=4,\; s_{3}^{2}=0.6667$$
5. $$MST=13.83$$
6. $$MSE=1.78$$
7. $$F = 7.7812$$
1. $$K=3$$
2. $$df_1=2,\; df_2=9$$
3. $$F_{0.05}=4.26$$
4. $$F = 5.53$$, reject $$H_0$$
1. $$F = 3.9647,\; F_{0.10}=2.81$$, reject $$H_0$$
2. $$F = 9.6018,\; F_{0.01}=5.95$$, reject $$H_0$$
3. $$F = 0.3589,\; F_{0.05}=5.32$$, do not reject $$H_0$$
4. $$F = 1.418$$, $$df_1=2,\; and \; df_2=27$$, Rejection Region: $$[5.4881,\infty )$$, Decision: Fail to reject $$H_0$$ of equal means.

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