Skip to main content
Statistics LibreTexts

5.7: Chapter 5 References

  • Page ID
    45054
  • \( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}} } \)

    \( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash {#1}}} \)

    \( \newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)

    ( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\)

    \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\)

    \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\)

    \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\)

    \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)

    \( \newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\)

    \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)

    \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\)

    \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\)

    \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\)

    \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\)

    \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\)

    \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\)

    \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\)

    \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\)

    \( \newcommand{\vectorA}[1]{\vec{#1}}      % arrow\)

    \( \newcommand{\vectorAt}[1]{\vec{\text{#1}}}      % arrow\)

    \( \newcommand{\vectorB}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}} } \)

    \( \newcommand{\vectorC}[1]{\textbf{#1}} \)

    \( \newcommand{\vectorD}[1]{\overrightarrow{#1}} \)

    \( \newcommand{\vectorDt}[1]{\overrightarrow{\text{#1}}} \)

    \( \newcommand{\vectE}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{\mathbf {#1}}}} \)

    \( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}} } \)

    \( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash {#1}}} \)

    \(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)

    Alvarez, J. A., Garten, K. M., & Cook, D. G. (2021). Limb malformation in a foothill yellow-legged frog (Rana boylii) from Sonoma county, California. Northwestern Naturalist, 102(3), 258-260.

    Beck, D. D., Dohm, M. R., Garland, T., Ramírez-Bautista, A., & Lowe, C. H. (1995). Locomotor performance and activity energetics of helodermatid lizards. Copeia, 3, 575-585.

    Benson, K., Hartz, A. J. (2000). A Comparison of Observational Studies and Randomized, Controlled Trials. The New England Journal of Medicine 342:1878-1886

    Berger, R. L. (1990). Nazi science—the Dachau hypothermia experiments. New England journal of medicine, 322(20), 1435-1440.

    Bhatt A. (2010). Evolution of clinical research: a history before and beyond James Lind. Perspectives in clinical research, 1(1), 6–10.

    Binford, C. H. (1936). The history and study of leprosy in Hawaii. Public Health Reports (1896-1970), 415-423.

    Blainey, P., Krzywinski, M., & Altman, N. (2014). Points of significance: replication. Nature Methods 11, 879–880.

    Bozkurt, B., Kamat, I., & Hotez, P. J. (2021). Myocarditis with COVID-19 mRNA vaccines. Circulation, 144(6), 471-484.

    Brandt, A. M. (1978). Racism and research: the case of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study. Hastings center report, 21-29.

    Bulova, S. J. (1994). Ecological correlates of population and individual variation in antipredator behavior of two species of desert lizards. Copeia, 980-992.

    Bumpus, H. C. 1898. Eleventh lecture. The elimination of the unfit as illustrated by the introduced sparrow, Passer domesticus. (A fourth contribution to the study of variation.) Biological Lectures: Woods Hole Marine Biological Laboratory, 209-225. (link to volume at Google Books)

    Concato, J., Shah, N., Horwitz, R. I. (2000). Randomized, controlled trials, observational studies, and the hierarchy of research designs. New England Journal of Medicine 342:1887-1892

    Couper, M. P., & Miller, P. V. (2008). Web survey methods: Introduction. Public Opinion Quarterly, 72(5), 831-835.

    Cox, K. L., Puddey, I. B., Morton, A. R., Burke, V., Beilin, L. J., McAleer, M. (1996). Exercise and weight control in sedentary overweight men: effects on clinic and ambulatory blood pressure. Journal of Hypertension14:779-790.

    Cumming, G., Fidler, F., & Vaux, D. L. (2007). Error bars in experimental biology. The Journal of Cell Biology, 177(1), 7-11.

    Darveau, C.-A., Hochachka, P. W., Welch, Jr., K. C., Roubik, D. W., Suarez, R. K. (2005). Allometric scaling of flight energetics in Panamanian orchid bees: a comparative phylogenetic approach. Journal of Experimental Biology 208:3581-3591

    Dawsey, S. P., Hollenbeck, A., Schatzkin, A., & Abnet, C. C. (2014). A prospective study of vitamin and mineral supplement use and the risk of upper gastrointestinal cancers. PLoS One, 9(2), e88774.

    Diez Roux, A. V. (2004). The study of group-level factors in epidemiology: rethinking variables, study designs, and analytical approaches. Epidemiologic reviews, 26(1), 104-111.

    Dohm, M. R., Garland Jr, T., Cole, C. J., & Townsend, C. R. (1998). Physiological variation and allometry in western whiptail lizards (Cnemidophorus tigris) from a transect across a persistent hybrid zone. Copeia, 1-13.

    Dohm, M. R., Richardson, C. S., & Garland Jr, T. (1994). Exercise physiology of wild and random-bred laboratory house mice and their reciprocal hybrids. American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 267(4), R1098-R1108.

    Doll, R. (1998). Uncovering the effects of smoking: historical perspective. Statistical Methods in Medical Research 7:87-117

    Earp, B. D. (2011). Can science tell us what’s objectively true. The New Collection, 6(1), 1-9.

    Elwood, J. M. (2013). Commentary: On representativeness. International Journal of Epidemiology 42:1014-1015.

    Emanuel, E. J., Wendler, D., & Grady, C. (2000). What makes clinical research ethical? Journal of the American Medical Association, 283(20), 2701-2711.

    Fang, L., Karakiulakis, G., & Roth, M. (2020). Are patients with hypertension and diabetes mellitus at increased risk for COVID-19 infection?. The Lancet. Respiratory Medicine, 8(4), e21.

    Foster, K. A., Oster, C. G., Mayer, M. M., Avery, M. L., & Audus, K. L. (1998). Characterization of the A549 cell line as a type II pulmonary epithelial cell model for drug metabolism. Experimental cell research, 243(2), 359-366.

    Freedman, B. (1987). Equipoise and the ethics of clinical research. The New England Journal of Medicine, 317:141-145.

    Fritts, T. H., Rodda, G. H. (1998). The role of introduced species in the degradation of island ecosystems: A case history of Guam. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 29:113-140.

    Gabriella, R. (2012) Studying drugs in all the wrong people. Scientific American Mind 23:34-41.

    Goodman, M., LaKind, J. S., Fagliano, J. A., Lash, T. L., Wiemels, J. L., Winn, D. M., … & Mattison, D. R. (2014). Cancer cluster investigations: review of the past and proposals for the future. International journal of environmental research and public health, 11(2), 1479-1499.

    Hodge, F. S. (2012). No meaningful apology for American Indian unethical research abuses. Ethics & Behavior, 22(6), 431-444.

    Holman, L., Head, M. L., Lanfear, R., & Jennions, M. D. (2015). Evidence of experimental bias in the life sciences: why we need blind data recording. PLoS Biology, 13(7), e1002190.

    Houle, D., Pélabon, C., Wagner, G. P., Hansen, T. F. (2011). Measurement and meaning in biology. The Quarterly Review of Biology 86:3-34

    Howard, D. H., Kenline, C., Lazarus, H. M., LeMaistre, C. F., Maziarz, R. T., McCarthy Jr, P. L., … & Majhail, N. S. (2011). Abandonment of high‐dose chemotherapy/hematopoietic cell transplants for breast cancer following negative trial results. Health services research, 46(6pt1), 1762-1777.

    Jennings, S., Reynolds, J. D., Mills, S. C. (1998). Life history correlates of responses to fisheries exploitation. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 265:333-339

    Johnston, R. F., Niles, D. M., & Rohwer, S. A. (1972). Hermon Bumpus and natural selection in the house sparrow Passer domesticus. Evolution, (26):20-31.

    Kaptchuk, T. J. (2003). Effect of interpretive bias on research evidence. British Medical Journal, 326(7404), 1453-1455.

    Kilkenny, C., Browne, W. J., Cuthill, I. C., Emerson, M., Altman, D. G. (2010). Improving bioscience research reporting: the ARRIVE guidelines for reporting animal research. PLoS Biology 8:e1000412

    Lariviere, W. R., Chesler, E. J., Mogil, J. S. (2001). Transgenic Studies of Pain and Analgesia: Mutation or Background Genotype? Journal of Pharmacology and experimental therapeutics 297:467-473

    Lazic, S. E. (2010). The problem of pseudoreplication in neuroscientific studies: is it affecting your analysis? BMC Neuroscience 11:5

    Losos, J. B., Creer, D. A., & Schulte Ii, J. A. (2002). Cautionary comments on the measurement of maximum locomotor capabilities. Journal of Zoology, 258(1), 57-61.

    Luz, R. K., Martínez-Álvarez, R. M., De Pedro, N., & Delgado, M. J. (2008). Growth, food intake regulation and metabolic adaptations in goldfish (Carassius auratus) exposed to different salinities. Aquaculture, 276(1-4), 171-178.

    Marshall, M., Ferguson, I. D., Lewis, P., Jaggi, P., Gagliardo, C., Collins, J. S., … & Guzman-Cottrill, J. A. (2021). Symptomatic acute myocarditis in seven adolescents following Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccination. Pediatrics, 2.

    McCambridge, J., Sorhaindo, A., Quirk, A., & Nanchahal, K. (2014). Patient preferences and performance bias in a weight loss trial with a usual care arm. Patient education and counseling, 95(2), 243-247.

    Meehl, P. E. (1970). Nuisance variables and the ex post facto design. In M. Radner & S. Winokur (Eds.), Minnesota Studies in the philosophy of science: Vol. IV. Analyses of theories and methods of physics and psychology (pp. 373-402). Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

    Medical Research Council Investigation (1948). STREPTOMYCIN treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. British Medical Journal, 2(4582), 769–782.

    Milham, S. (2004). A cluster of male breast cancer in office workers. American Journal of Industrial Medicine 46:86-87.

    Nelson, M. R., et al. (2008) The Population Reference Sample, POPRES: a resource for population, disease, and pharmacological genetics research. American Journal of Human Genetics 83:347-358

    Nethery, R. C., Yang, Y., Brown, A. J., & Dominici, F. (2020). A causal inference framework for cancer cluster investigations using publicly available data. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series A (Statistics in Society), 183(3), 1253-1272.

    Nijhawan, L. P.; Janodia, M. D.; Muddukrishna, B. S.; Bhat, K. M.; Bairy, K. L.; Udupa, N. & Musmade, P. B. (2013) Informed consent: Issues and challenges. Journal of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology & Research 4:134-140

    O’Leary, S. T., & Maldonado, Y. A. (2021). Myocarditis After SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination: True, True, and… Related?. Pediatrics, 148(3).

    Omair A. (2015) Selecting the appropriate study design for your research: Descriptive study designs. Journal of Health Specialties 3:153-156.

    Omair A. (2016) Selecting the appropriate study design: Case–control and cohort study designs. Journal of Health Specialties 4:37-41.

    Pannucci, C. J. & Wilkins, E. G. (2010) Identifying and avoiding bias in research. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 126, 619-625

    Pool, R. (1990). Is there an EMF-cancer connection? Science, 249(4973), 1096-1099.

    Reader, R. J. (1992). Herbivory as a confounding factor in an experiment measuring competition among plants. Ecology 73(1):373-376

    Roelcke, V. (2004). Nazi medicine and research on human beings. The Lancet, 364, 6-7.

    Rothman, K. J., Gallacher, J. E. J., Hatch, E. E. (2013). Why representativeness should be avoided. International Journal of Epidemiology 42:1012-1014.

    Rothwell, E., Brassil, D., Barton-Baxter, M., Brownley, K. A., Dickert, N. W., Ford, D. E., … & Wilfond, B. S. (2021). Informed consent: Old and new challenges in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Clinical and Translational Science, 5(1).

    Scott, A. F. (1999). Malformed southern leopard frogs (Rana sphenocephala utricularius). Journal of the Tennessee Academy of Science, 74(3-4), 61-63.

    Shuster, E. (1997). Fifty Years Later: The Significance of the Nuremberg Code. The New England Journal of Medicine 337: 1436-1440.**

    Sigmund, C. D. (2000). Viewpoint: Are studies in genetically altered mice out of control? Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 20:1425-1429

    Simons, D. J. (2014). The value of direct replication. Perspectives on psychological science, 9(1), 76-80.

    Stephens, P. A., Buskirk, S. W., del Rio, C. M. (2006). Inference in ecology and evolution. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 22:192-197

    Stevens, S. S. (1946) On the Theory of Scales of Measurement. Science 103:677-680

    Suba, E. J. US-funded measurements of cervical cancer death rates in India: scientific and ethical concerns. Indian Journal of Medical Ethics11:167-175.

    Temple, R.& Ellenberg, S. (2000) Placebo-controlled trials and active-control trials in the evaluation of new treatments. Part 1: ethical and scientific issues. Annals of Internal Medicine 133: 455-463

    Tension headache symptoms. Internet, cited 2016 Apr. 20. Retrieved from: http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tension-headache/basics/symptoms/con-20014295

    Thomas, M., & Bomar, P. A. (2018). Upper Respiratory Tract Infection. In StatPearls Internet. StatPearls Publishing. At https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532961/

    Thompson, C. B., & Panacek, E. A. (2006). Research study designs: experimental and quasi-experimental. Air medical journal, 25(6), 242-246.

    Thompson, S. J., Auslander, W. F., White, N. H. (2001). Comparison of Single-Mother and Two-Parent Families on Metabolic Control of Children With Diabetes. Diabetes Care 24(2): 234-238.

    Tignanelli, C. J., Ingraham, N. E., Sparks, M. A., Reilkoff, R., Bezdicek, T., Benson, B., … & Puskarich, M. A. (2020). Antihypertensive drugs and risk of COVID-19?. The Lancet Respiratory Medicine. 8:e30-e31.

    Treece, J. W. Jr (1990, retrieved January 9 2023). Daniel and the Classic Experimental Design. Institute and Creation Research, https://www.icr.org/article/daniel-classic-experimental-design/.

    Tyrer, S., & Heyman, B. (2016). Sampling in epidemiological research: issues, hazards and pitfalls. BJ Psych Bulletin, 40(2), 57-60.

    Valerio, M. A., Rodriguez, N., Winkler, P., Lopez, J., Dennison, M., Liang, Y., & Turner, B. J. (2016). Comparing two sampling methods to engage hard-to-reach communities in research priority setting. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 16(1), 146.

    Vaux, D. L., Fidler, F., & Cumming, G. (2012). Replicates and repeats—what is the difference and is it significant? A brief discussion of statistics and experimental design. EMBO reports, 13(4), 291-296.

    Wacholder, S., McLaughlin, J. K., Silverman, D. T., & Mandel, J. S. (1992). Selection of controls in case-control studies: I. Principles. American journal of epidemiology, 135(9), 1019-1028.

    Wacholder, S., Silverman, D. T., McLaughlin, J. K., & Mandel, J. S. (1992). Selection of controls in case-control studies: II. Types of controls. American journal of epidemiology, 135(9), 1029-1041.

    Wacholder, S., Silverman, D. T., McLaughlin, J. K., & Mandel, J. S. (1992). Selection of controls in case-control studies: III. Design options. American journal of epidemiology, 135(9), 1042-1050.

    Walker, G. (2009). Beyond distribution and proximity: exploring the multiple spatialities of environmental justice. Antipode, 41(4), 614-636.

    Wang, Y., Zhang, D., Du, G., Du, R., Zhao, J., Jin, Y., … & Hu, Y. (2020). Remdesivir in adults with severe COVID-19: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial. The Lancet.

    Whitley, E., Ball, J. (2002). Statistics review 2: Samples and populations. Critical Care 6:43-48.

    Zeilinger, J., Steger‐Hartmann, T., Maser, E., Goller, S., Vonk, R., & Länge, R. (2009). Effects of synthetic gestagens on fish reproduction. Environmental toxicology and chemistry, 28(12), 2663-2670.

    Zoorob, R., Sidani, M. A., Fremont, R. D., & Kihlberg, C. (2012). Antibiotic use in acute upper respiratory tract infections. American family physician, 86(9), 817-822.


    This page titled 5.7: Chapter 5 References is shared under a CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Michael R Dohm via source content that was edited to the style and standards of the LibreTexts platform.

    • Was this article helpful?