The process of testing hypotheses using an independent samples \(t\)-test is the same as it was in the last three chapters, and it starts with stating our hypotheses and laying out the criteria we wil...The process of testing hypotheses using an independent samples \(t\)-test is the same as it was in the last three chapters, and it starts with stating our hypotheses and laying out the criteria we will use to test them. Both of these formulations of the null hypothesis tell us exactly the same thing: that the numerical value of the means is the same in both groups.