We saw how we can understand the location of individual scores within a sample’s distribution via z-scores, and how we can extend that to understand how likely it is to observe scores higher or lo...We saw how we can understand the location of individual scores within a sample’s distribution via z-scores, and how we can extend that to understand how likely it is to observe scores higher or lower than an individual score via probability. We know ahead of time that if we collect data and compute a sample, the observed value of that sample will be at least slightly off from what we expect it to be based on our supposed population mean; this is natural and expected.
