In other words, there’s a lot of data manipulation that you need to do, just to get all your data set into the format that you need it. Although the chapter is motivated by the kinds of practical issu...In other words, there’s a lot of data manipulation that you need to do, just to get all your data set into the format that you need it. Although the chapter is motivated by the kinds of practical issues that arise when manipulating real data, I’ll stick with the practice that I’ve adopted through most of the book and rely on very small, toy data sets that illustrate the underlying issue.