The explanatory variable is the “cause” and the response variable is the “effect”, although a true cause and effect relationship can only be established in a scientific study that controls for all con...The explanatory variable is the “cause” and the response variable is the “effect”, although a true cause and effect relationship can only be established in a scientific study that controls for all confounding (lurking) variables. In this case, both the explanatory and response variables are categorical and the appropriate model was the Chi‐square Test of Independence.