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- https://stats.libretexts.org/Courses/Rio_Hondo_College/PSY_190%3A_Statistics_for_the_Behavioral_Sciences/08%3A__Introduction_to_Hypothesis_Testing/8.02%3A_The_Probability_ValueThe probability of 0.0106 is the probability of a certain outcome (13 or more out of 16) assuming a certain state of the world (James Bond was only guessing). To reiterate, the probability value is th...The probability of 0.0106 is the probability of a certain outcome (13 or more out of 16) assuming a certain state of the world (James Bond was only guessing). To reiterate, the probability value is the probability of an outcome (9/16 or better) and not the probability of a particular state of the world (the bird was only guessing).
- https://stats.libretexts.org/Courses/Rio_Hondo_College/PSY_190%3A_Statistics_for_the_Behavioral_Sciences/05%3A_Z-scores_and_the_Standard_Normal_DistributionWe now understand how to describe and present our data visually and numerically. These simple tools, and the principles behind them, will help you interpret information presented to you and understand...We now understand how to describe and present our data visually and numerically. These simple tools, and the principles behind them, will help you interpret information presented to you and understand the basics of a variable. Moving forward, we now turn our attention to how scores within a distribution are related to one another, how to precisely describe a score’s location within the distribution, and how to compare scores from different distributions.
- https://stats.libretexts.org/Courses/Rio_Hondo_College/PSY_190%3A_Statistics_for_the_Behavioral_Sciences/13%3A_Correlations/13.03%3A_Three_CharacteristicsWhen we talk about correlations, there are three traits that we need to know in order to truly understand the relation (or lack of relation) between X and Y : form, direction, and magnitude. We wil...When we talk about correlations, there are three traits that we need to know in order to truly understand the relation (or lack of relation) between X and Y : form, direction, and magnitude. We will discuss each of them in turn.
- https://stats.libretexts.org/Courses/Rio_Hondo_College/PSY_190%3A_Statistics_for_the_Behavioral_Sciences/01%3A_IntroductionThis chapter provides an overview of statistics as a field of study and presents terminology that will be used throughout the course.
- https://stats.libretexts.org/Courses/Rio_Hondo_College/PSY_190%3A_Statistics_for_the_Behavioral_Sciences/13%3A_Correlations/13.07%3A_Correlation_versus_CausationThat is, if \(Z\) causes \(X\) and \(Z\) causes \(Y\), the \(X\) and \(Y\) will appear to be related . However, if we control for the effect of \(Z\) (the method for doing this is beyond the scope of ...That is, if \(Z\) causes \(X\) and \(Z\) causes \(Y\), the \(X\) and \(Y\) will appear to be related . However, if we control for the effect of \(Z\) (the method for doing this is beyond the scope of this text), then the relation between \(X\) and \(Y\) will disappear.
- https://stats.libretexts.org/Courses/Rio_Hondo_College/PSY_190%3A_Statistics_for_the_Behavioral_Sciences/13%3A_Correlations/13.01%3A_Variability_and_CovarianceBecause we have two continuous variables, we will have two characteristics or score on which people will vary. What we want to know is do people vary on the scores together. That is, as one score chan...Because we have two continuous variables, we will have two characteristics or score on which people will vary. What we want to know is do people vary on the scores together. That is, as one score changes, does the other score also change in a predictable or consistent way? This notion of variables differing together is called covariance (the prefix “co” meaning “together”).
- https://stats.libretexts.org/Courses/Rio_Hondo_College/PSY_190%3A_Statistics_for_the_Behavioral_Sciences/07%3A_Sampling_Distributions/7.03%3A_Using_Standard_Error_for_ProbabilityWe saw in chapter 6 that we can use \(z\)-scores to split up a normal distribution and calculate the proportion of the area under the curve in one of the new regions, giving us the probability of rand...We saw in chapter 6 that we can use \(z\)-scores to split up a normal distribution and calculate the proportion of the area under the curve in one of the new regions, giving us the probability of randomly selecting a \(z\)-score in that range. As the sample size n increased, the standard error decreased, which in turn caused the value of \(z\) to increase, which finally caused the \(p\)-value (a term for probability we will use a lot in Unit 2) to decrease.
- https://stats.libretexts.org/Courses/Rio_Hondo_College/PSY_190%3A_Statistics_for_the_Behavioral_Sciences/10%3A_Repeated_Measures/10.E%3A_Repeated_Measures_(Exercises)You collect data from 18 employee-supervisor pairs and code the difference scores so that positive scores indicate that the employee has a higher opinion and negative scores indicate that the boss has...You collect data from 18 employee-supervisor pairs and code the difference scores so that positive scores indicate that the employee has a higher opinion and negative scores indicate that the boss has a higher opinion (meaning that difference scores of 0 indicate no difference and complete agreement). A pre-test is given before the class begins to see what students know ahead of time, and the same test is given at the end of the semester to see what students know at the end.
- https://stats.libretexts.org/Courses/Rio_Hondo_College/PSY_190%3A_Statistics_for_the_Behavioral_Sciences/12%3A_Analysis_of_Variance/12.02%3A_Sources_of_VarianceSo, \(X_{ij}\) is read as “the \(i^{th}\) person of the \(j^{th}\) group.” It is important to remember that the deviation score for each person is only calculated relative to their group mean: do not ...So, \(X_{ij}\) is read as “the \(i^{th}\) person of the \(j^{th}\) group.” It is important to remember that the deviation score for each person is only calculated relative to their group mean: do not calculate these scores relative to the other group means.
- https://stats.libretexts.org/Courses/Rio_Hondo_College/PSY_190%3A_Statistics_for_the_Behavioral_Sciences/08%3A__Introduction_to_Hypothesis_Testing/8.11%3A_Other_Considerations_in_Hypothesis_TestingIt is influenced by the size of the effect (larger effects are easier to detect), the significance level we set (making it easier to reject the null makes it easier to detect an effect, but increases ...It is influenced by the size of the effect (larger effects are easier to detect), the significance level we set (making it easier to reject the null makes it easier to detect an effect, but increases the likelihood of a Type I Error), and the sample size used (larger samples make it easier to reject the null).
- https://stats.libretexts.org/Courses/Rio_Hondo_College/PSY_190%3A_Statistics_for_the_Behavioral_Sciences/05%3A_Z-scores_and_the_Standard_Normal_Distribution/5.01%3A_Normal_DistributionsThe normal distribution is the most important and most widely used distribution in statistics. It is sometimes called the “bell curve,” although the tonal qualities of such a bell would be less than p...The normal distribution is the most important and most widely used distribution in statistics. It is sometimes called the “bell curve,” although the tonal qualities of such a bell would be less than pleasing. It is also called the “Gaussian curve” of Gaussian distribution after the mathematician Karl Friedrich Gauss.
