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9.3: One-Sample Test
https://stats.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Applied_Statistics/Business_Statistics_(OpenStax)/09%3A_Hypothesis_Testing_with_One_Sample/9.03%3A_One-Sample_Test
This page covers hypothesis testing for population means and proportions, detailing the use of normal and Student's $t$ -distributions, calculation of test statistics (Z-values), and decision-making ...This page covers hypothesis testing for population means and proportions, detailing the use of normal and Student's $t$ -distributions, calculation of test statistics (Z-values), and decision-making based on critical values and p-values. It emphasizes the bias towards the null hypothesis, discusses one-tailed and two-tailed tests, and outlines a systematic approach for hypothesis testing, including the importance of sample size and the appropriate distribution based on known standard deviation.
7.5: Critical values, p-values, and significance level
https://stats.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Applied_Statistics/An_Introduction_to_Psychological_Statistics_(Foster_et_al.)/07%3A__Introduction_to_Hypothesis_Testing/7.05%3A_Critical_values_p-values_and_significance_level
If we go to the normal table, we will find that the z-score corresponding to 5% of the area under the curve is equal to 1.645 ( $z$ = 1.64 corresponds to 0.0405 and $z$ = 1.65 corresponds to 0.0495...If we go to the normal table, we will find that the z-score corresponding to 5% of the area under the curve is equal to 1.645 ( $z$ = 1.64 corresponds to 0.0405 and $z$ = 1.65 corresponds to 0.0495, so .05 is exactly in between them) if we go to the right and -1.645 if we go to the left.
9.4: Distribution Needed for Hypothesis Testing
https://stats.libretexts.org/Courses/Fresno_City_College/Introduction_to_Business_Statistics_-_OER_-_Spring_2023/09%3A_Hypothesis_Testing_with_One_Sample/9.04%3A_Distribution_Needed_for_Hypothesis_Testing
The horizontal axis of the bottom panel is labeled $Z$ and is the standard normal distribution. $Z_{\frac{\alpha}{2}}$ and $-Z_{\frac{\alpha}{2}}$ , called the critical values, are marked on the ...The horizontal axis of the bottom panel is labeled $Z$ and is the standard normal distribution. $Z_{\frac{\alpha}{2}}$ and $-Z_{\frac{\alpha}{2}}$ , called the critical values, are marked on the bottom panel as the $Z$ values associated with the probability the analyst has set as the level of significance in the test, ( $\alpha$ ).
6: Confidence Intervals and Sample Size
https://stats.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Statistics/Foundations_in_Statistical_Reasoning_(Kaslik)/06%3A_Confidence_Intervals_and_Sample_Size
The inferences that were discussed in chapters 5 and 6 were based on the assumption of an a priori hypothesis that the researcher had about a population. However, there are times when the researchers ...The inferences that were discussed in chapters 5 and 6 were based on the assumption of an a priori hypothesis that the researcher had about a population. However, there are times when the researchers do not have a hypothesis. In such cases they would simply like a good estimate of the parameter.
9.4: Distribution Needed for Hypothesis Testing
https://stats.libretexts.org/Courses/Fresno_City_College/Book%3A_Business_Statistics_Customized_(OpenStax)/09%3A_Hypothesis_Testing_with_One_Sample/9.04%3A_Distribution_Needed_for_Hypothesis_Testing
The horizontal axis of the bottom panel is labeled $Z$ and is the standard normal distribution. $Z_{\frac{\alpha}{2}}$ and $-Z_{\frac{\alpha}{2}}$ , called the critical values, are marked on the ...The horizontal axis of the bottom panel is labeled $Z$ and is the standard normal distribution. $Z_{\frac{\alpha}{2}}$ and $-Z_{\frac{\alpha}{2}}$ , called the critical values, are marked on the bottom panel as the $Z$ values associated with the probability the analyst has set as the level of significance in the test, ( $\alpha$ ).
8.5: Critical values, p-values, and significance level
https://stats.libretexts.org/Courses/Sacramento_City_Colllege/PSYC_330%3A_Statistics_for_the_Behavioral_Sciences_with_Dr._DeSouza/08%3A__Introduction_to_Hypothesis_Testing/8.05%3A_Critical_values_p-values_and_significance_level
If we go to the normal table, we will find that the z-score corresponding to 5% of the area under the curve is equal to 1.645 ( $z$ = 1.64 corresponds to 0.0405 and $z$ = 1.65 corresponds to 0.0495...If we go to the normal table, we will find that the z-score corresponding to 5% of the area under the curve is equal to 1.645 ( $z$ = 1.64 corresponds to 0.0405 and $z$ = 1.65 corresponds to 0.0495, so .05 is exactly in between them) if we go to the right and -1.645 if we go to the left.
7.4: One-Sample Test
https://stats.libretexts.org/Courses/Saint_Mary's_College_Notre_Dame/BFE_1201_Statistical_Methods_for_Finance_(Kuter)/07%3A_Hypothesis_Testing/7.04%3A_One-Sample_Test
The horizontal axis of the bottom panel is labeled $Z$ and is the standard normal distribution. $Z_{\frac{\alpha}{2}}$ and $-Z_{\frac{\alpha}{2}}$ , called the critical values, are marked on the ...The horizontal axis of the bottom panel is labeled $Z$ and is the standard normal distribution. $Z_{\frac{\alpha}{2}}$ and $-Z_{\frac{\alpha}{2}}$ , called the critical values, are marked on the bottom panel as the $Z$ values associated with the probability the analyst has set as the level of significance in the test, ( $\alpha$ ).
14.0.2: Student's t Distribution
https://stats.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Applied_Statistics/Business_Statistics_(OpenStax)/14%3A_Apppendices/14.00%3A_A__Statistical_Tables/14.0.02%3A_Student's__t___Distribution
This page presents a table of upper critical values for Student's t Distribution, detailing threshold values $t_{v,a}$ for various degrees of freedom (1 to infinity) and selected probabilities (0.00...This page presents a table of upper critical values for Student's t Distribution, detailing threshold values $t_{v,a}$ for various degrees of freedom (1 to infinity) and selected probabilities (0.001 to 0.10). It indicates the probability of a t random variable exceeding these threshold values, exemplified by a 10% probability for 10 degrees of freedom with a t value of 1.372.

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