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- https://stats.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Statistics/Introductory_Statistics_(Lane)/06%3A_Research_Design/6.06%3A_CausationThe concept of causation is a complex one in the philosophy of science. Since a full coverage of this topic is well beyond the scope of this text, we focus on two specific topics: (1) the establishmen...The concept of causation is a complex one in the philosophy of science. Since a full coverage of this topic is well beyond the scope of this text, we focus on two specific topics: (1) the establishment of causation in experiments and (2) the establishment of causation in non-experimental designs.
- https://stats.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Applied_Statistics/Basic_Statistics_Using_R_for_Crime_Analysis_(Choi)/01%3A_Chapters/1.09%3A_CorrelationThis page provides an introduction to correlation, focusing on the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient, which measures the linear relationship between two variables. It clarifies the miscon...This page provides an introduction to correlation, focusing on the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient, which measures the linear relationship between two variables. It clarifies the misconception that correlation does not imply causation, explaining that while necessary, correlation alone is not sufficient for causation. The text elaborates on calculating and interpreting Pearson's r, using the USArrests dataset as an example.
- https://stats.libretexts.org/Courses/Fort_Hays_State_University/Elements_of_Statistics/08%3A_Linear_Correlation_and_Regression/8.01%3A_Introduction_to_Bivariate_Quantitative_DataIn this chapter we consider bivariate data, which for now consists of two quantitative variables for each individual. Our first interest is in summarizing such data in a way that is analogous to summa...In this chapter we consider bivariate data, which for now consists of two quantitative variables for each individual. Our first interest is in summarizing such data in a way that is analogous to summarizing univariate (single variable) data.
- https://stats.libretexts.org/Courses/Cerritos_College/Introduction_to_Statistics_with_R/16%3A_Research_Design/16.06%3A_CausationThe concept of causation is a complex one in the philosophy of science. Since a full coverage of this topic is well beyond the scope of this text, we focus on two specific topics: (1) the establishmen...The concept of causation is a complex one in the philosophy of science. Since a full coverage of this topic is well beyond the scope of this text, we focus on two specific topics: (1) the establishment of causation in experiments and (2) the establishment of causation in non-experimental designs.
- https://stats.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Applied_Statistics/Biological_Statistics_(McDonald)/05%3A_Tests_for_Multiple_Measurement_Variables/5.01%3A_Linear_Regression_and_CorrelationUse correlation/linear regression when you have two measurement variables, such as food intake and weight, drug dosage and blood pressure, air temperature and metabolic rate, etc. There's also one no...Use correlation/linear regression when you have two measurement variables, such as food intake and weight, drug dosage and blood pressure, air temperature and metabolic rate, etc. There's also one nominal variable that keeps the two measurements together in pairs, such as the name of an individual organism, experimental trial, or location. I'm not aware that anyone else considers this nominal variable to be part of correlation and regression.
