Researchers in medicine, education, and business are often interested in studying the effect of some treatment, educational practice, or product. It is quite natural to assess prior to some treatment ...Researchers in medicine, education, and business are often interested in studying the effect of some treatment, educational practice, or product. It is quite natural to assess prior to some treatment and then again once the treatment has been in effect. We can measure effect of the intervention on each patient by considering the difference in the pre-assessment and post-assessment. In studying these paired differences, we can utilize techniques already developed in this chapter to test claims.