Skip to main content
Statistics LibreTexts

3.10: Comparing Measures

  • Page ID
    2304
  • \( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}} } \) \( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash {#1}}} \)\(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)\(\newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\)

    Learning Objectives

    • State how the measures differ in symmetric distributions
    • State which measure(s) should be used to describe the center of a skewed distribution

    How do the various measures of central tendency compare with each other? For symmetric distributions, the mean, median, trimean, and trimmed mean are equal, as is the mode except in bimodal distributions. Differences among the measures occur with skewed distributions. Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\) shows the distribution of \(642\) scores on an introductory psychology test. Notice this distribution has a slight positive skew.

    Figure 1.jpg
    Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\): A distribution with a positive skew.

    Measures of central tendency are shown in Table \(\PageIndex{1}\). Notice they do not differ greatly, with the exception that the mode is considerably lower than the other measures. When distributions have a positive skew, the mean is typically higher than the median, although it may not be in bimodal distributions. For these data, the mean of \(91.58\) is higher than the median of \(90\). Typically the trimean and trimmed mean will fall between the median and the mean, although in this case, the trimmed mean is slightly lower than the median. The geometric mean is lower than all measures except the mode.

    Table \(\PageIndex{1}\): Measures of central tendency for the test scores
    Measure Value
    Mode 84.00
    Median 90.00
    Geometric Mean 89.70
    Trimean 90.25
    Mean Trimmed 50% 89.81
    Mean 91.58

    The distribution of baseball salaries (in \(1994\)) shown in Figure \(\PageIndex{2}\) has a much more pronounced skew than the distribution in Figure \(\PageIndex{2}\).

    histo2.jpg
    Figure \(\PageIndex{2}\): A distribution with a very large positive skew. This histogram shows the salaries of major league baseball players (in thousands of dollars: \(25\) equals \(250,000\)).

    Table \(\PageIndex{2}\) shows the measures of central tendency for these data. The large skew results in very different values for these measures. No single measure of central tendency is sufficient for data such as these. If you were asked the very general question: "So, what do baseball players make?" and answered with the mean of \(\$1,183,000\), you would not have told the whole story since only about one third of baseball players make that much. If you answered with the mode of \(\$250,000\) or the median of \(\$500,000\), you would not be giving any indication that some players make many millions of dollars. Fortunately, there is no need to summarize a distribution with a single number. When the various measures differ, our opinion is that you should report the mean, median, and either the trimean or the mean trimmed \(50\%\). Sometimes it is worth reporting the mode as well. In the media, the median is usually reported to summarize the center of skewed distributions. You will hear about median salaries and median prices of houses sold, etc. This is better than reporting only the mean, but it would be informative to hear more statistics.

    Table \(\PageIndex{2}\): Measures of central tendency for baseball salaries (in thousands of dollars)
    Measure Value
    Mode 250
    Median 500
    Geometric Mean 555
    Trimean 792
    Mean Trimmed 50% 619
    Mean 1,183

    This page titled 3.10: Comparing Measures is shared under a Public Domain license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by David Lane via source content that was edited to the style and standards of the LibreTexts platform; a detailed edit history is available upon request.

    • Was this article helpful?