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12.10: Pairwise (Correlated)

  • Page ID
    2345
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    Learning Objectives

    • Compute the Bonferroni correction
    • Calculate pairwise comparisons using the Bonferroni correction

    In the section on all pairwise comparisons among independent groups, the Tukey HSD test was the recommended procedure. However, when you have one group with several scores from the same subjects, the Tukey test makes an assumption that is unlikely to hold: The variance of difference scores is the same for all pairwise differences between means.

    The standard practice for pairwise comparisons with correlated observations is to compare each pair of means using the method outlined in the section "Difference Between Two Means (Correlated Pairs)" with the addition of the Bonferroni correction described in the section "Specific Comparisons." For example, suppose you were going to do all pairwise comparisons among four means and hold the familywise error rate at \(0.05\). Since there are six possible pairwise comparisons among four means, you would use \(0.05/6 = 0.0083\) for the per-comparison error rate.

    As an example, consider the case study "Stroop Interference." There were three tasks, each performed by \(47\) subjects. In the "words" task, subjects read the names of \(60\) color words written in black ink; in the "color" task, subjects named the colors of \(60\) rectangles; in the "interference" task, subjects named the ink color of \(60\) conflicting color words. The times to read the stimuli were recorded. In order to compute all pairwise comparisons, the difference in times for each pair of conditions for each subject is calculated. Table \(\PageIndex{1}\) shows these scores for five of the \(47\) subjects.

    Table \(\PageIndex{1}\): Pairwise Differences
    W-C W-I C-I
    -3 -24 -21
    2 -41 -43
    -1 -18 -17
    -4 -23 -19
    -2 -17 -15

    Table \(\PageIndex{2}\) shows data for all \(47\) subjects.

    Table \(\PageIndex{2}\): Pairwise Differences for \(47\) subjects

    W-C W-I C-I
    -3 -24 -21
    2 -41 -43
    -1 -18 -17
    -4 -23 -19
    -2 -17 -15
    -3 -15 -12
    -3 -28 -25
    -3 -36 -33
    -3 -17 -14
    -2 -10 -8
    -1 -11 -10
    -1 -10 -9
    -3 -26 -23
    0 -4 -4
    -4 -28 -24
    -5 -19 -14
    -5 -18 -13
    -8 -23 -15
    -7 -22 -15
    -3 -28 -25
    -9 -30 -21
    -5 -21 -16
    -7 -23 -16
    -9 -21 -12
    -7 -35 -28
    -4 -27 -23
    -4 -25 -21
    -2 -16 -14
    -3 -14 -11
    -5 -14 -9
    -3 -14 -11
    -5 -15 -10
    -12 -25 -13
    -1 -9 -8
    -2 -13 -11
    -8 -17 -9
    3 -13 -16
    -6 -33 -27
    -3 -12 -9
    -7 -19 -12
    -8 -19 -11
    -6 -31 -25
    -1 -19 -18
    -5 -13 -8
    -3 -18 -15
    -9 -28 -19
    -5 -22 -17

    The means, standard deviations (\(Sd\)), and standard error of the mean (\(Sem\)), \(t\), and \(p\) for all \(47\) subjects are shown in Table \(\PageIndex{3}\). The \(t's\) are computed by dividing the means by the standard errors of the mean. Since there are \(47\) subjects, the degrees of freedom is \(46\). Notice how different the standard deviations are. For the Tukey test to be valid, all population values of the standard deviation would have to be the same.

    Table \(\PageIndex{3}\): Pairwise Comparisons
    Comparison Mean Sd Sem t p
    W-C -4.15 2.99 0.44 -9.53 <0.001
    W-I -20.51 7.84 1.14 -17.93 <0.001
    C-I -16.36 7.47 1.09 -15.02 <0.001

    Using the Bonferroni correction for three comparisons, the \(p\) value has to be below \(0.05/3 = 0.0167\) for an effect to be significant at the \(0.05\) level. For these data, all \(p\) values are far below that, and therefore all pairwise differences are significant.


    This page titled 12.10: Pairwise (Correlated) is shared under a Public Domain license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by David Lane via source content that was edited to the style and standards of the LibreTexts platform; a detailed edit history is available upon request.