4.6.7: Tobacco Retailer Density
- Page ID
- 61628
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)A substantial amount of research has found associations between the density of tobacco retailers in an area and smoking rates among the adults and youth in those areas (Valiente et al. 2021; Magid et al. 2020). While there are thought to be several reasons for these associations, greater exposure to the tobacco retail environment is considered a major factor (Waddell et al. 2016; Watson et al. 2018). Additionally, there are disparities across neighborhoods, with some studies finding that the density of tobacco retailers increased with the proportion of families living in poverty and with the proportion of African American residents (Kong et al. 2020; Adibe et al. 2019; Chaiton et al. 2013; Rodriguez et al. 2014). Additionally, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimate that the prevalence of cigarette smoking is higher among adults living below the poverty level compared with those living at or above the poverty level (CDC 2017). A few studies have found even more interesting interactive associations between the density of tobacco retailers and cigarette smoking rates in that the association may depend on neighborhood characteristics such as poverty (Farley et al. 2019; Cantrell et al. 2015; Golden et al. 2020).
Some additional research examined the association between disparities in the density of tobacco retailers and the disparities in the prevalence of tobacco use among youth and adults (Glasser et al. 2022). The study focused on the state of Ohio, where the current rate of cigarette smoking among adults is higher than the national rate, and almost half of the counties in the state exceed the national average for proportion of residents living below the poverty line (Creamer et al. 2019; Glasser et al. 2022).
To obtain information about cigarette smoking among adults in Ohio, the study used data from the 2017 Ohio Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, an annual random-digit dial telephone survey, as well as the 2019 Ohio Medicaid Assessment Survey, a mail, web, and random-digit dial telephone surveys tracking health care (Ohio Department of Health and Wellness 2015; Berzofsky et al. 2019). Random-digit dialing is a methodology of selecting individuals for a survey that essentially calls random valid phone numbers. This method then can access anyone with a phone number, whether it is publicly available or not. These types of government backed surveys are usually carefully designed and validated so that they reach as much of the population as possible, with adjustments for issues like whether people answer the phone and whether people are willing to take the survey. In the research article, the authors state that the data are “a state-representative sample of adults" (Glasser et al. 2022). This means that the authors of the study consider the population to be all adults in the state of Ohio.