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3.7: Key Terms

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    Conditional Probability
    the likelihood that an event will occur given that another event has already occurred
    Contingency Table
    the method of displaying a frequency distribution as a table with rows and columns to show how two variables may be dependent (contingent) upon each other; the table provides an easy way to calculate conditional probabilities.
    Equally Likely
    Each outcome of an experiment has the same probability.
    Event
    a subset of the set of all outcomes of an experiment; the set of all outcomes of an experiment is called a sample space and is usually denoted by S. An event is an arbitrary subset in S. It can contain one outcome, two outcomes, no outcomes (empty subset), the entire sample space, and the like. Standard notations for events are capital letters such as A, B, C, and so on.
    Experiment
    a planned activity carried out under controlled conditions
    Independent Events
    The occurrence of one event has no effect on the probability of the occurrence of another event. Events A and B are independent if one of the following is true:

    1. \(P(A \mid B)=P(A)\)
    2. \(P(B \mid A)=P(B)\)
    3. \(P(A \cap B)=P(A) P(B)\)

    Mutually Exclusive
    Two events are mutually exclusive if the probability that they both happen at the same time is zero. If events A and B are mutually exclusive, then P(A AND B) = 0.
    Or Event
    An outcome is in the event A OR B if the outcome is in A or is in B or is in both A and B.
    Outcome
    a particular result of an experiment
    Probability
    a number between zero and one, inclusive, that gives the likelihood that a specific event will occur; the foundation of statistics is given by the following 3 axioms (by A.N. Kolmogorov, 1930’s): Let S denote the sample space and A and B are two events in S. Then:
    • \(0 \leq P(A) \leq 1\)
    • If \(A\) and \(B\) are any two mutually exclusive events, then \(P(A \cup B)=P(A)+P(\mathrm{~B})\).
    • \(P(S)=1\)
    Sample Space
    the set of all possible outcomes of an experiment
    Tree Diagram
    the useful visual representation of a sample space and events in the form of a “tree” with branches marked by possible outcomes together with associated probabilities (frequencies, relative frequencies)
    Union: the \(\cup\) Event
    An outcome is in the event \(A \cup B\) if the outcome is in \(A\) or is in \(B\) or is in both \(A\) and \(B\).
    Venn Diagram
    the visual representation of a sample space and events in the form of circles or ovals showing their intersections

    3.7: Key Terms is shared under a not declared license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by LibreTexts.

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