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11.1: Chi-Square Test for Independence

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    5227
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    Remember, qualitative data is where you collect data on individuals that are categories or names. Then you would count how many of the individuals had particular qualities. An example is that there is a theory that there is a relationship between breastfeeding and autism. To determine if there is a relationship, researchers could collect the time period that a mother breastfed her child and if that child was diagnosed with autism. Then you would have a table containing this information. Now you want to know if each cell is independent of each other cell. Remember, independence says that one event does not affect another event. Here it means that having autism is independent of being breastfed. What you really want is to see if they are not independent. In other words, does one affect the other? If you were to do a hypothesis test, this is your alternative hypothesis and the null hypothesis is that they are independent. There is a hypothesis test for this and it is called the Chi-Square Test for Independence. Technically it should be called the Chi-Square Test for Dependence, but for historical reasons it is known as the test for independence. Just as with previous hypothesis tests, all the steps are the same except for the assumptions and the test statistic.

    Hypothesis Test for Chi-Square Test

    1. State the null and alternative hypotheses and the level of significance
      \(H_{o}\): the two variables are independent (this means that the one variable is not affected by the other)
      \(H_{A}\): the two variables are dependent (this means that the one variable is affected by the other)
      Also, state your \(\alpha\) level here.
    2. State and check the assumptions for the hypothesis test
      1. A random sample is taken.
      2. Expected frequencies for each cell are greater than or equal to 5 (The expected frequencies, E, will be calculated later, and this assumption means \(E \geq 5\)).
    3. Find the test statistic and p-value
      Finding the test statistic involves several steps. First the data is collected and counted, and then it is organized into a table (in a table each entry is called a cell). These values are known as the observed frequencies, which the symbol for an observed frequency is O. Each table is made up of rows and columns. Then each row is totaled to give a row total and each column is totaled to give a column total.
      The null hypothesis is that the variables are independent. Using the multiplication rule for independent events you can calculate the probability of being one value of the first variable, A, and one value of the second variable, B (the probability of a particular cell \(P(A \text { and } B) )\). Remember in a hypothesis test, you assume that \(H_{o}\) is true, the two variables are assumed to be independent.

    \[ \begin{align*} P(A \text { and } B) &=P(A) \cdot P(B) \text { if } A \text { and } B are independent \\[4pt] &=\dfrac{\text { number of ways } A \text { can happen }}{\text { total number of individuals }} \cdot \dfrac{\text { number of ways } B \text { can happen }}{\text { total number of individuals }} \\[4pt] &= \dfrac{\text { row total }}{n} * \dfrac{\text { column total }}{n} \end{align*}\]

    Now you want to find out how many individuals you expect to be in a certain cell. To find the expected frequencies, you just need to multiply the probability of that cell times the total number of individuals. Do not round the expected frequencies.

    Expected frequency \((\operatorname{cell} A \text { and } B)=E(A \text { and } B)\)

    \(\begin{array}{l}{=n\left(\dfrac{\text { row total }}{n} \cdot \dfrac{\text { column total }}{n}\right)} \\ {=\dfrac{\text { row total -column total }}{n}}\end{array}\)

    If the variables are independent the expected frequencies and the observed frequencies should be the same. The test statistic here will involve looking at the difference between the expected frequency and the observed frequency for each cell. Then you want to find the “total difference” of all of these differences. The larger the total, the smaller the chances that you could find that test statistic given that the assumption of independence is true. That means that the assumption of independence is not true. How do you find the test statistic? First find the differences between the observed and expected frequencies. Because some of these differences will be positive and some will be negative, you need to square these differences. These squares could be large just because the frequencies are large, you need to divide by the expected frequencies to scale them. Then finally add up all of these fractional values. This is the test statistic.

    Test Statistic:

    The symbol for Chi-Square is \(\chi^{2}\)

    \(\chi^{2}=\sum \dfrac{(O-E)^{2}}{E}\)

    where O is the observed frequency and E is the expected frequency

    Distribution of Chi-Square

    \(\chi^{2}\) has different curves depending on the degrees of freedom. It is skewed to the right for small degrees of freedom and gets more symmetric as the degrees of freedom increases (see Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\)). Since the test statistic involves squaring the differences, the test statistics are all positive. A chi-squared test for independence is always right tailed.

    Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\): Chi-Square Distribution

    p-value:

    Using the TI-83/84: \(\chi \text { cdf (lower limit, } 1 \mathrm{E} 99, d f )\)

    Using R: \(1-\text { pchisq }\left(x^{2}, d f\right)\)

    Where the degrees of freedom is \(d f=(\# \text { of rows }-1) *(\# \text { of columns }-1)\)

    4. Conclusion

    This is where you write reject \(H_{o}\) or fail to reject \(H_{o}\). The rule is: if the p-value < \(\alpha\), then reject \(H_{o}\). If the p-value \(\geq \alpha\), then fail to reject \(H_{o}\).

    5. Interpretation

    This is where you interpret in real world terms the conclusion to the test. The conclusion for a hypothesis test is that you either have enough evidence to show \(H_{A}\) is true, or you do not have enough evidence to show \(H_{A}\) is true.

    Example \(\PageIndex{1}\) hypothesis test with chi-square test using formula

    Is there a relationship between autism and breastfeeding? To determine if there is, a researcher asked mothers of autistic and non-autistic children to say what time period they breastfed their children. The data is in table #11.1.1 (Schultz, Klonoff-Cohen, Wingard, Askhoomoff, Macera, Ji & Bacher, 2006). Do the data provide enough evidence to show that that breastfeeding and autism are independent? Test at the1% level.

    Autis261m Breast Feeding Timelines Row Total
    None Less than 2 months 2 to 6 months More than 6 months
    Yes 241 198 164 215 818
    No 20 25 27 44 116
    Column Total 261 223 191 259 934
    Table \(\PageIndex{1}\): Autism Versus Breastfeeding

    Solution

    1. State the null and alternative hypotheses and the level of significance

    \(H_{o}\): Breastfeeding and autism are independent

    \(H_{A}\): Breastfeeding and autism are dependent

    \(\alpha\) = 0.01

    2. State and check the assumptions for the hypothesis test

    1. A random sample of breastfeeding time frames and autism incidence was taken.
    2. Expected frequencies for each cell are greater than or equal to 5 (ie. \(E \geq 5\)). See step 3. All expected frequencies are more than 5.

    3. Find the test statistic and p-value

    Test statistic:

    First find the expected frequencies for each cell

    \(E(\text { Autism and no breastfeeding })=\dfrac{818^{*} 261}{934} \approx 228.585\)

    \(E(\text { Autism and }<2 \text { months })=\dfrac{818^{*} 223}{934} \approx 195.304\)

    \(E(\text { Autism and } 2 \text { to } 6 \text { months })=\dfrac{818^{*} 191}{934} \approx 167.278\)

    \(E(\text { Autism and more than } 6 \text { months })=\dfrac{818 * 259}{934} \approx 226.833\)

    Others are done similarly. It is easier to do the calculations for the test statistic with a table, the others are in table #11.1.2 along with the calculation for the test statistic. (Note: the column of O-E should add to 0 or close to 0.)

    O E O-E \((O-E)^{2}\) \((O-E)^{2} / E\)
    241 228.585 12.415 154.132225 0.674288448
    198 195.304 2.696 7.268416 0.03721591
    164 167.278 -3.278 10.745284 0.064236086
    215 226.833 -11.833 140.019889 0.617281828
    20 32.4154 -12.4154 154.1421572 4.755213792
    25 27.6959 -2.6959 7.26787681 0.262417066
    27 23.7216 3.2784 10.74790656 0.453085229
    44 32.167 11.833 140.019889 4.352904809
    Total 0.0001 11.2166432 = \(\chi^{2}\)
    Table \(\PageIndex{2}\): Calculations for Chi-Square Test Statistic

    The test statistic formula is \(\chi^{2}=\sum \dfrac{(O-E)^{2}}{E}\), which is the total of the last column in Example \(\PageIndex{2}\).

    p-value:

    \(d f=(2-1)^{*}(4-1)=3\)

    Using TI-83/84: \(\chi \operatorname{cdf}(11.2166432,1 \mathrm{E} 99,3) \approx 0.01061\)

    Using R: \(1-\text{pchisq}(11.2166432,3) \approx 0.01061566\)

    4. Conclusion

    Fail to reject \(H_{o}\) since the p-value is more than 0.01.

    5. Interpretation

    There is not enough evidence to show that breastfeeding and autism are dependent. This means that you cannot say that the whether a child is breastfed or not will indicate if that the child will be diagnosed with autism.

    Example \(\PageIndex{2}\) hypothesis test with chi-square test using technology

    Is there a relationship between autism and breastfeeding? To determine if there is, a researcher asked mothers of autistic and non-autistic children to say what time period they breastfed their children. The data is in Example \(\PageIndex{1}\) (Schultz, Klonoff-Cohen, Wingard, Askhoomoff, Macera, Ji & Bacher, 2006). Do the data provide enough evidence to show that that breastfeeding and autism are independent? Test at the1% level.

    Solution

    1. State the null and alternative hypotheses and the level of significance

    \(H_{o}\): Breastfeeding and autism are independent

    \(H_{A}\): Breastfeeding and autism are dependent

    \(\alpha\) = 0.01

    2. State and check the assumptions for the hypothesis test

    1. A random sample of breastfeeding time frames and autism incidence was taken.
    2. Expected frequencies for each cell are greater than or equal to 5 (ie. \(E \geq 5\)). See step 3. All expected frequencies are more than 5.

    3. Find the test statistic and p-value

    Test statistic:

    To use the TI-83/84 calculator to compute the test statistic, you must first put the data into the calculator. However, this process is different than for other hypothesis tests. You need to put the data in as a matrix instead of in the list. Go into the MATRX menu then move over to EDIT and choose 1:[A]. This will allow you to type the table into the calculator. Figure \(\PageIndex{2}\) shows what you will see on your calculator when you choose 1:[A] from the EDIT menu.

    Figure \(\PageIndex{2}\): Matrix Edit Menu on TI-83/84

    The table has 2 rows and 4 columns (don’t include the row total column and the column total row in your count). You need to tell the calculator that you have a 2 by 4. The 1 X1 (you might have another size in your matrix, but it doesn’t matter because you will change it) on the calculator is the size of the matrix. So type 2 ENTER and 4 ENTER and the calculator will make a matrix of the correct size. See Figure \(\PageIndex{3}\).

    Figure \(\PageIndex{3}\): Matrix Setup for Table

    Now type the table in by pressing ENTER after each cell value. Figure \(\PageIndex{4}\) contains the complete table typed in. Once you have the data in, press QUIT.

    Figure \(\PageIndex{4}\): Data Typed into Matrix

    To run the test on the calculator, go into STAT, then move over to TEST and choose \(\chi^{2}\)-Test from the list. The setup for the test is in Figure \(\PageIndex{5}\).

    Figure \(\PageIndex{5}\): Setup for Chi-Square Test on TI-83/84

    Once you press ENTER on Calculate you will see the results in Figure \(\PageIndex{6}\).

    Figure \(\PageIndex{6}\): Results for Chi-Square Test on TI-83/84

    The test statistic is \(\chi^{2} \approx 11.2167\) and the p-value is \(p \approx 0.01061\). Notice that the calculator calculates the expected values for you and places them in matrix B. To eview the expected values, go into MATRX and choose 2:[B]. Figure \(\PageIndex{7}\) shows the output. Press the right arrows to see the entire matrix.

    Figure \(\PageIndex{7}\): Expected Frequency for Chi-Square Test on TI-83/84

    To compute the test statistic and p-value with R,
    row1 = c(data from row 1 separated by commas)
    row2 = c(data from row 2 separated by commas)
    keep going until you have all of your rows typed in.
    data.table = rbind(row1, row2, …) – makes the data into a table. You can call it what ever you want. It does not have to be data.table.
    data.table – use if you want to look at the table
    chisq.test(data.table) – calculates the chi-squared test for independence
    chisq.test(data.table)$expected – let’s you see the expected values

    For this example, the commands would be
    row1 = c(241, 198, 164, 215)
    row2 = c(20, 25, 27, 44)
    data.table = rbind(row1, row2)
    data.table

    Output:
    [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]
    row1 241 198 164 215
    row2 20 25 27 44

    chisq.test(data.table)

    Output:
    Pearson's Chi-squared test

    data: data.table
    X-squared = 11.217, df = 3, p-value = 0.01061

    chisq.test(data.table)$expected

    Output: [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]
    row1 228.58458 195.30407 167.27837 226.83298
    row2 32.41542 27.69593 23.72163 32.16702

    The test statistic is \(\chi^{2} \approx 11.217\) and the p-value is \(p \approx 0.01061\).

    4. Conclusion

    Fail to reject \(H_{o}\) since the p-value is more than 0.01.

    5. Interpretation

    There is not enough evidence to show that breastfeeding and autism are dependent. This means that you cannot say that the whether a child is breastfed or not will indicate if that the child will be diagnosed with autism.

    Example \(\PageIndex{3}\) hypothesis test with chi-square test using formula

    The World Health Organization (WHO) keeps track of how many incidents of leprosy there are in the world. Using the WHO regions and the World Banks income groups, one can ask if an income level and a WHO region are dependent on each other in terms of predicting where the disease is. Data on leprosy cases in different countries was collected for the year 2011 and a summary is presented in Table \(\PageIndex{3}\) ("Leprosy: Number of," 2013). Is there evidence to show that income level and WHO region are independent when dealing with the disease of leprosy? Test at the 5% level.

    WHO Region World Bank Income Group Row Total
    High Income Upper Middle Income Lower Middle Income Low Income
    Americas 174 36028 615 0 36817
    Eastern Mediterranean 54 6 1883 604 2547
    Europe 10 0 0 0 10
    Western Pacific 26 216 3689 1155 5086
    Africa 0 39 1986 15928 17953
    South-East Asia 0 0 149896 10236 160132
    Column Total 264 36289 158069 27923 222545
    Table \(\PageIndex{3}\): Number of Leprosy Cases

    Solution

    1. State the null and alternative hypotheses and the level of significance

    \(H_{o}\): WHO region and Income Level when dealing with the disease of leprosy are independent

    \(H_{A}\): WHO region and Income Level when dealing with the disease of leprosy are dependent

    \(\alpha\) = 0.05

    2. State and check the assumptions for the hypothesis test

    1. A random sample of incidence of leprosy was taken from different countries and the income level and WHO region was taken.
    2. Expected frequencies for each cell are greater than or equal to 5 (ie. \(E \geq 5\)). See step 3. There are actually 4 expected frequencies that are less than 5, and the results of the test may not be valid. If you look at the expected frequencies you will notice that they are all in Europe. This is because Europe didn’t have many cases in 2011.

    3. Find the test statistic and p-value

    Test statistic:

    First find the expected frequencies for each cell.

    \(E(\text { Americas and High Income })=\dfrac{36817 * 264}{222545} \approx 43.675\)

    \(E(\text { Americas and Upper Middle Income })=\dfrac{36817 * 36289}{222545} \approx 6003.514\)

    \(E (\text { Americas and Lower Middle Income) }=\dfrac{36817 * 158069}{222545} \approx 26150.335\)

    \(E(\text { Americas and Lower Income })=\dfrac{36817 * 27923}{222545} \approx 4619.475\)

    Others are done similarly. It is easier to do the calculations for the test statistic with a table, and the others are in Example \(\PageIndex{4}\) along with the calculation for the test statistic.

    O E O-E \((O-E)^{2}\) \((O-E)^{2} / E\)
    174 43.675 130.325 16984.564 388.8838719
    54 3.021 50.979 2598.813 860.1218328
    10 0.012 9.988 99.763 8409.746711
    26 6.033 19.967 398.665 66.07628214
    0 21.297 -21.297 453.572 21.29722977
    0 189.961 -189.961 36085.143 189.9608978
    36028 6003.514 30024.486 901469735.315 150157.0038
    6 415.323 -409.323 167545.414 403.4097962
    0 1.631 -1.631 2.659 1.6306365
    216 829.342 -613.342 376188.071 453.5983897
    39 2927.482 -2888.482 8343326.585 2850.001268
    0 26111.708 -26111.708 681821316.065 26111.70841
    615 26150.335 -25535.335 652053349.724 24934.7988
    1883 1809.080 73.290 5464.144 3.020398811
    0 7.103 -7.103 50.450 7.1027882
    3689 3612.478 76.522 5855.604 1.620938405
    1986 12751.636 -10765.636 115898911.071 9088.944681
    149896 113738.368 36157.632 1307374351.380 11494.57632
    0 4619.475 -4619.475 21339550.402 4619.475122
    604 319.575 284.425 80897.421 253.1404187
    0 1.255 -1.255 1.574 1.25471253
    1155 638.147 516.853 267137.238 418.6140882
    15928 2252.585 13675.415 187016964.340 83023.25138
    10236 20091.963 -9855.963 97140000.472 4834.769106
    Total 0.000 328594.008 = \(\chi^{2}\)
    Table \(\PageIndex{4}\): Calculations for Chi-Square Test Statistic

    The test statistic formula is \(\chi^{2}=\sum \dfrac{(O-E)^{2}}{E}\), which is the total of the last column in Example \(\PageIndex{2}\).

    p-value:

    \(d f=(6-1) *(4-1)=15\)

    Using the TI-83/84: \(\chi \operatorname{cdf}(328594.008,1 \mathrm{E} 99,15) \approx 0\)

    Using R: \(1-\text { pchisq }(328594.008,15) \approx 0\)

    4. Conclusion

    Reject \(H_{o}\) since the p-value is less than 0.05.

    5. Interpretation

    There is enough evidence to show that WHO region and income level are dependent when dealing with the disease of leprosy. WHO can decide how to focus their efforts based on region and income level. Do remember though that the results may not be valid due to the expected frequencies not all be more than 5.

    Example \(\PageIndex{4}\) hypothesis test with chi-square test using technology

    The World Health Organization (WHO) keeps track of how many incidents of leprosy there are in the world. Using the WHO regions and the World Banks income groups, one can ask if an income level and a WHO region are dependent on each other in terms of predicting where the disease is. Data on leprosy cases in different countries was collected for the year 2011 and a summary is presented in Table \(\PageIndex{3}\) ("Leprosy: Number of," 2013). Is there evidence to show that income level and WHO region are independent when dealing with the disease of leprosy? Test at the 5% level.

    Solution

    1. State the null and alternative hypotheses and the level of significance
    \(H_{o}\): WHO region and Income Level when dealing with the disease of leprosy are independent

    \(H_{A}\): WHO region and Income Level when dealing with the disease of leprosy are dependent

    \(\alpha\) = 0.05

    2. State and check the assumptions for the hypothesis test

    1. A random sample of incidence of leprosy was taken from different countries and the income level and WHO region was taken.
    2. Expected frequencies for each cell are greater than or equal to 5 (ie. \(E \geq 5\)). See step 3. There are actually 4 expected frequencies that are less than 5, and the results of the test may not be valid. If you look at the expected frequencies you will notice that they are all in Europe. This is because Europe didn’t have many cases in 2011.

    3. Find the test statistic and p-value
    Test statistic:
    Using the TI-83/84. See Example \(\PageIndex{2}\) for the process of doing the test on the calculator. Remember, you need to put the data in as a matrix instead of in the list.

    Figure \(\PageIndex{8}\): Setup for Matrix on TI-83/84
    Figure \(\PageIndex{9}\): Results for Chi-Square Test on TI-83/84

    \(\chi^{2} \approx 328594.0079\)

    Figure \(\PageIndex{10}\): Expected Frequency for Chi-Square Test on TI-83/84

    Press the right arrow to look at the other expected frequencies.

    p-value:

    \(p-\text {value} \approx 0\)

    Using R:
    row1=c(174, 36028, 615, 0)
    row2=c(54, 6, 1883, 604)
    row3=c(10, 0, 0, 0)
    row4=c(26, 216, 3689, 1155)
    row5=c(0, 39, 1986, 15928)
    row6=c(0, 0, 149896, 10236)
    chisq.test(data.table)

    Pearson's Chi-squared test

    data: data.table
    X-squared = 328590, df = 15, p-value < 2.2e-16

    Warning message:
    In chisq.test(data.table) : Chi-squared approximation may be incorrect

    chisq.test(data.table)$expected

    \(\begin{array} {ccccc} {}&{[,1]}&{[,2]}&{[,3]}&{[,4]} \\ {\text{row1}}&{43.67515783}&{6003.514404}&{2.615034e+04}&{4619.475122}\\{\text{row2}}&{3.02144735}&{415.323117}&{1.809080e+03}&{319.575281}\\ {\text{row3}}&{0.01186277}&{1.630637}&{7.102788e+00}&{1.254713}\\{\text{row4}}&{6.03340448}&{829.341724}&{3.612478e+03}&{638.146793}\\{\text{row5}}&{21.29722977}&{2927.481709}&{1.275164e+04}&{2252.585405}\\{\text{row6}}&{189.96089780}&{26111.708410}&{1.137384e+05}&{20091.962686} \end{array}\)

    Warning message:
    In chisq.test(data.table) : Chi-squared approximation may be incorrect

    \(\chi^{2}=328590\) and p-value = \(2.2 \times 10^{-16}\)

    4. Conclusion

    Reject \(H_{o}\) since the p-value is less than 0.05.

    5. Interpretation

    There is enough evidence to show that WHO region and income level are dependent when dealing with the disease of leprosy. WHO can decide how to focus their efforts based on region and income level. Do remember though that the results may not be valid due to the expected frequencies not all be more than 5.

    Homework

    Exercise \(\PageIndex{1}\)

    In each problem show all steps of the hypothesis test. If some of the assumptions are not met, note that the results of the test may not be correct and then continue the process of the hypothesis test.

    1. The number of people who survived the Titanic based on class and sex is in Example \(\PageIndex{5}\) ("Encyclopedia Titanica," 2013). Is there enough evidence to show that the class and the sex of a person who survived the Titanic are independent? Test at the 5% level.
      Class Sex Total
      Female Male
      1st 134 59 193
      2nd 94 25 119
      3rd 80 58 138
      Total 308 142 450
      Table \(\PageIndex{5}\): Surviving the Titanic
    2. Researchers watched groups of dolphins off the coast of Ireland in 1998 to determine what activities the dolphins partake in at certain times of the day ("Activities of dolphin," 2013). The numbers in Example \(\PageIndex{6}\) represent the number of groups of dolphins that were partaking in an activity at certain times of days. Is there enough evidence to show that the activity and the time period are independent for dolphins? Test at the 1% level.

      Activity Period Row Total
      Morning Noon Afternoon Evening
      Travel 6 6 14 13 39
      Feed 28 4 0 56 88
      Social 38 5 9 10 62
      Column Total 72 15 23 79 189
      Table \(\PageIndex{6}\): Dolphin Activity
    3. Is there a relationship between autism and what an infant is fed? To determine if there is, a researcher asked mothers of autistic and non-autistic children to say what they fed their infant. The data is in Example \(\PageIndex{7}\) (Schultz, Klonoff-Cohen, Wingard, Askhoomoff, Macera, Ji & Bacher, 2006). Do the data provide enough evidence to show that that what an infant is fed and autism are independent? Test at the 1% level.

      Autism Feeding Row Total
      Breast feeding Formula with DHA/ARA Formula without DRA/ARA
      Yes 12 39 65 116
      No 6 22 10 38
      Column Total 18 61 75 164
      Table \(\PageIndex{7}\): Autism Versus Breastfeeding
    4. A person’s educational attainment and age group was collected by the U.S. Census Bureau in 1984 to see if age group and educational attainment are related. The counts in thousands are in Example \(\PageIndex{8}\) ("Education by age," 2013). Do the data show that educational attainment and age are independent? Test at the 5% level.

      Education Age Group Row Total
      25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 >64
      Did not complete HS 5416 5030 5777 7606 13746 37575
      Completed HS 16431 1855 9435 8795 7558 44074
      College 1-3 years 8555 5576 3124 2524 2503 22282
      College 4 or more years 9771 7596 3904 3109 2483 26863
      Column Total 40173 20057 22240 22034 26290 130794
      Table \(\PageIndex{8}\): Educational Attainment and Age Group
    5. Students at multiple grade schools were asked what their personal goal (get good grades, be popular, be good at sports) was and how important good grades were to them (1 very important and 4 least important). The data is in Example \(\PageIndex{9}\) ("Popular kids datafile," 2013). Do the data provide enough evidence to show that goal attainment and importance of grades are independent? Test at the 5% level.

      Goal Grades Importance Rating Row Total
      1 2 3 4
      Grades 70 66 55 56 247
      Popular 14 33 45 49 141
      Sports 10 24 33 23 90
      Column Total 94 123 133 128 478
      Table \(\PageIndex{9}\): Personal Goal and Importance of Grades
    6. Students at multiple grade schools were asked what their personal goal (get good grades, be popular, be good at sports) was and how important being good at sports were to them (1 very important and 4 least important). The data is in Example \(\PageIndex{10}\) ("Popular kids datafile," 2013). Do the data provide enough evidence to show that goal attainment and importance of sports are independent? Test at the 5% level.

      Goal Sports Importance Rating Row Total
      1 2 3 4
      Grades 83 81 55 28 247
      Popular 32 49 43 17 141
      Sports 50 24 14 2 90
      Column Total 165 154 112 47 478
      Table \(\PageIndex{10}\): Personal Goal and Importance of Sports
    7. Students at multiple grade schools were asked what their personal goal (get good grades, be popular, be good at sports) was and how important having good looks were to them (1 very important and 4 least important). The data is in Example \(\PageIndex{11}\) ("Popular kids datafile," 2013). Do the data provide enough evidence to show that goal attainment and importance of looks are independent? Test at the 5% level.

      Goal Looks Importance Rating Row Total
      1 2 3 4
      Grades 80 66 66 35 247
      Popular 81 30 18 12 141
      Sports 24 30 17 19 90
      Column Total 185 126 101 66 478
      Table \(\PageIndex{11}\): Personal Goal and Importance of Looks
    8. Students at multiple grade schools were asked what their personal goal (get good grades, be popular, be good at sports) was and how important having money were to them (1 very important and 4 least important). The data is in Example \(\PageIndex{12}\) ("Popular kids datafile," 2013). Do the data provide enough evidence to show that goal attainment and importance of money are independent? Test at the 5% level.

      Goal Money Importance Rating Row Total
      1 2 3 4
      Grades 14 34 71 128 247
      Popular 14 29 35 63 141
      Sports 6 12 26 46 90
      Column Total 34 75 132 237 478
      Table \(\PageIndex{12}\): Personal Goal and Importance of Money
    Answer

    For all hypothesis tests, just the conclusion is given. See solutions for the entire answer.

    1. Reject Ho

    3. Reject Ho

    5. Reject Ho

    7. Reject Ho


    This page titled 11.1: Chi-Square Test for Independence is shared under a CC BY-SA 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Kathryn Kozak via source content that was edited to the style and standards of the LibreTexts platform; a detailed edit history is available upon request.